旅游产业部门结构合理性的SSM分析-以陕西省为例

为了寻求省域旅游产业发展的合理部门结构,利用偏离-份额分析法,以旅游统计年鉴提供的数据为基础,对陕西省旅游创汇部门的产业结构进行实证分析。研究表明陕西省各旅游创汇产业部门中,原有基础好,竞争力较强、具有部门优势的增长部门包括商品销售、邮电通讯和市政交通等部门;原有基础差但发展快,竞争力较好,具备一定部门优势的增长部门包括住宿、餐饮业等;基础较好,但竞争力较差的部门则包括长途交通运输业、观光游览、娱乐业等。论文针对各部门实际发展状况分别进行了分析,指出各自发展方向和策略。最后评价了偏离-份额分析法在旅游创汇部门产业结构分析中的应用效果,认为该方法具有较强的综合性和动态性,能够有效揭示旅游创汇各部门产业结构变化的原因和发展机制,是确定未来旅游业创汇部门发展主导方向的有效方法之一。     

The development of geographical differences in education levels within the Swedish tourism industry

ABSTRACT

The nexus of workforce and destination development is a largely uncharted area within tourism research. The local human capital has above all been in focus when underlining tourism's potential to create employment even for the inexperienced and less educated. However, a discordant strand of theory holds the low levels of qualified knowledge within the industry responsible for absent destination development in areas struggling to develop competitive advantages. Additionally, the in-migration of a skilled workforce may be hampered by a lack of amenities attracting permanent residents. In order to explore whether the tourism sector is characterized by a less educated share of the workforce, a study was performed using micro-level data on the full working population of Sweden during the years 2000–2010. The workforce in tourism was compared to the total and two other low-skill sectors, and the results show that the educational aspects within tourism are more related to geography than economic sectors. Contrary to general presumptions, the workforce within the tourism sector has a higher level of formal education than the other selected sectors in regions with generally low educational levels. The implication is thus that strategies aimed at creating employment for the least educated in rural areas need to be reconsidered, and not unconditionally target the tourism sector. Above all, tourism development needs to be based on assessments of local preconditions rather than a generalized image.     

Modelling tourism and hospitality employment clusters: a spatial econometric approach

ABSTRACT

Geographic clustering of industries for mutual economic benefit has long been recognised. The concept of ‘externalities’ introduced by Alfred Marshall early last century rely on agglomeration of specialised industry within a geographic area. However, only recently has cluster modelling been applied to the tourism and hospitality (T&H) industry. The aim of this paper, therefore, is twofold: first is to develop a cluster-based theoretical framework for delineating geographic boundaries of T&H clusters, and second is to identify the underlying factors that drive their form and shape.

Drawing on employment data as the basis for co-location of T&H firms, spatial econometrics techniques are applied to model the spatial clustering of T&H employment in Victoria, Australia. Results show that rural tourism regions have higher levels of employment in tourism operational services whereas employment in city-based regions is more concentrated in hospitality services. Our findings, when normalised as a percentage of total employment, show that rural and regional Victoria ranks most highly as employers in the T&H industry. Adopting a range of spatial metrics, we show that T&H clustering throughout Victoria is largely driven by six location-specific factors: (1) the availability of tourism attractions; (2) proximity to the coast; (3) the road density network; (4) accessibility to employment within the Melbourne CBD; (5) the scale of the regional economy; and, (6) the advantages and disadvantages associated with economic resources. We conclude that the cluster-led strategy pose a number of challenges for tourism planners to promote regional tourism. Nevertheless, results from this study indicate that T&H employment clustering creates a more cohesive spatial structure that could support economic development and better connectedness of tourism destinations. These clusters could act as service hubs to their wider catchment areas where visitors are encouraged to stay overnight and travel to specific sights during the day.     

旅游业碳排放强度分布及其驱动因子的时空异质研究——基于30个省(市、区)2005-2014年的面板数据分析

本文利用交通运输业、邮电业、商业、餐饮业、住宿业以及社会服务业这6个行业面板数据,在揭示2005年至2014年30个省(市、区)旅游业碳排放总量与强度的时空动态变化关系时,借助LMDI法分解出影响我国旅游业碳排放增加量的关键因素。研究结果表明:①旅游业碳排放总量在时间上呈逐年上升趋势,且中、西部地区增长速度要显著高于东部地区;②旅游业碳排放强度在时间上呈逐年递减趋势,且中、西部地区下降速度要显著低于东部地区;③影响我国旅游业碳排放增加量的关键因素取决于经济产出因子(TEO)、接待人次因子(TP)、行业结构因子(TIS)、能源效率因子(TEE)、能源结构因子(TES)5个方面,前两者为增量因子,后三者为减量因子。     

中国旅游产业集聚与产业效率的关系研究

基于中国31个省区的数据,测量与估算了2012年中国旅游产业六大要素部门的产业集聚现状;利用数据包络分析模型对各部门的技术效率进行评价,同时构建旅游产业集聚与技术效率的回归模型,探寻旅游产业集聚程度与产业效率之间的相互关系。结果表明:中国旅游产业整体集聚程度仍然偏低,且六大要素部门之间发展不均衡;当前我国各省区旅游业的产业规模普遍偏小,大部分省区旅游产业都处于规模报酬递增阶段;旅游产业的规模化集中度对产业技术效率有较强的积极影响,回归系数达到0.672;企业集中度、劳动力集中度对产业技术效率存在较小的消极影响。     

Marine Tourism in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia

Marine tourism is an important component of nature‐based tourism in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia. It offers a wide range of passive and active recreational activities in near‐pristine wilderness areas. Marine tourism in the region is recognised as a growth sector having expanded rapidly since 2000, and it is unusual in that growth has been limited by a lack of vehicular access points to the coast. This unplanned growth has been irregular. A marked downturn in visitation by yachts has coincided with an increase in visits by charter boats. Although only five bush camps are established along the coast, boat visits occur at approximately 216 locations that are all subject to potential environmental damage. The extent to which this unplanned industry can be sustained without jeopardising environmental, social and economic values remains open to question.     

我国主题旅游集群的成长及其空间特征研究

主题旅游集群的形成发展,主要是受追求规模经济、游客差异性偏好和要素集聚积极推动的影响。研究分析我国主题旅游集群的成长、扩张及其空间效应,有助于主题旅游集群区决策部门加强系统规划,通过追求技术和表现形式的创新进步,通过政策环境的改善、空间结构的优化布局以及产业链延伸,从而打造极具竞争力的国际化主题旅游集群。     

我国各地区旅游业产业地位与发展定位研究

本文对战略性新兴产业、战略性支柱产业以及支柱产业的概念和相互关系进行了辨析,采用2009年人均创造的旅游收入和旅游业增加值占GDP的百分比两项指标,通过五区间分类法考察了我国各省市区旅游业的地位。结合五区间分类法的分类结果,选择典型区域,讨论并总结了我国各地区旅游业的发展方略。各个地区在发展旅游业的过程中应采取不同的对策,旅游资源丰富、生态环境脆弱或市场区位良好的地区,完全有必要把旅游业建设成为战略性支柱产业。     

Micro-level assessment of regional and local disaster impacts in tourist destinations

ABSTRACT

The tourism sector faces severe challenges due to the economic impacts from changing natural environments as seen with the increased frequency of natural disasters. Therefore, analyses of disaster impacts models are necessary for managing successful tourism recovery. Typically, disaster assessments are conducted on a countrywide level, which can lead to imbalanced recovery processes, and a distorted distribution of recovery financing or subsidies. We address the challenges of recovery using the tourism disaster management framework by Faulkner. To calculate precise damage assessments, we develop a micro-level assessment model to analyze and understand disaster impacts at the micro-level supporting tourism recovery in an affected destination. We examine economic consequences of a disaster at a small regional scale arguing recovery from a natural disaster is more difficult in individual areas because of differences in geographic location or infrastructure development. The island of Dominica is chosen as an example for the model using statistical data from the tourism sector to outline and detail the consequences of a disaster specifically for communities. The results highlight the importance of damage assessments on a small-scale level, such as communities in order to distinguish between individual regions facing severe changes for resident livelihoods and the local tourism sector. We argue that only after identifying regional impacts it is possible to apply adequate governmental subsidies and development strategies for a country's tourism sector and residents in a continuously changing environment in the hopes of mitigating future financial losses and future climate change impacts.     

Power and the Spirit of Clustering

This paper utilizes the Scotch Whisky industry to identify an issue which is absent from the current literature on sector specific clusters namely the concept of power. It is argued that in order to understand the nature of power relationships within a cluster it is necessary to adopt a radical Coasian framework. The paper utilizes a typical Structure-conduct-performance approach to analyse the Scotch Whisky industry and to highlight the problems that power relationships pose within a typical cluster. It is imperative that policy-makers are aware of the power relationships which exist in clusters if clustering strategies are to deliver the perceived potential.     

产业生成视角的旅游内部就业层次分析——以张家界为例

界定旅游产业生成及其周期模型,划分内部就业层次,并分析演变过程。以就业弹性系数和旅游人次为观测指标,分析了生成周期对就业层次的影响。结果显示:①投资、旅游规模、旅游收入内部构成和就业人数有相关性。②出现期,以旅行社业和宾馆酒店业为主;成长期,以交通运输业、旅游商品服务和其他行业为主;发展期,以行业行政服务与管理为主。③就业弹性总体上呈相对平缓的演变态势;④从分层弹性看,因突发事件呈"二凸二凹"特点,其它时点较为平稳。     

Career paths and mobility in the Swedish hospitality sector

ABSTRACT

How career paths are interpreted and conceptualised by hospitality workers and industry representatives remains underexplored in current literature. In this paper, we highlight and discuss sector-specific and contextual factors that influence the possibility of establishing a career within the Swedish hospitality sector. The paper uses interviews with hotel managers, who describe and discuss motivations and choices made throughout their own careers and interviews with young (former) seasonal hospitality workers who describe and reflect on their future plans and work-life experience. Additional data are derived through observations at national seminars and meetings for representatives from the Swedish tourism and hospitality industry, where issues of competence and careers were discussed. The findings indicate that the shaping of career paths within the hospitality sector is influenced by two normative and discursively produced ‘truths’ about career paths in the hospitality sector: the importance of internal knowledge transfer and the importance of high mobility. These narratives impose expectations on individuals to be mobile, to change jobs frequently and to work their way from the bottom-up within the industry, and are based on a presumption of a diversified and dense local hospitality labour market. However, since the conditions are different due to contextual, geographical features of labour market size and structure, attractiveness of places, etc., these expectations are difficult to fulfil in places other than in larger urban areas. These normative assumptions of what a successful hospitality career is also have consequences for the development of the hospitality sector as external influences of competence from other sectors and higher education are not seen as valuable, which makes the sector self-contained and not open to external, potentially innovative knowledge.     

National Industry Clusters and Regional Specializations in Turkey

The article aims to identify industry clusters in Turkey by examining inter-industry selling and purchasing relationships. The 1990 Turkish input-output table is used to identify similarities between selling and purchasing patterns of the 60 manufacturing industries and derive a matrix that describes relative linkages between them. The article also investigates the regional specializations by using the identified national clusters as templates for an analysis of local patterns. Principle component factor analysis reveals the presence of six identifiable industry clusters. The firms within the identified clusters provide a potential to share technical information and knowledge transfer through formal or informal interactions.     

Bridging the Knowledge-gap Between the Old and the New: Regional Marine Experience Production in Orust,Västra Götaland,Sweden

Abstract

Today many regions in the industrialized world have to deal with a transformation from traditional industry such as agriculture or manufacturing to service-oriented production such as tourism. Nevertheless, few studies highlight the possibilities and limitations of inter-sectoral knowledge sharing among stakeholders representing these sectors and hence there seem to be missed opportunities for mutual collaboration in the era of experience production. Using an evolutionary perspective, this article aims to analyse how the leisure boat manufacturing and the tourism sectors in the municipality of Orust on the Swedish west coast, combine knowledge from these two sectors as a way to spur innovation in experience production. The article shows how there are a number of limitations to sectoral knowledge interaction. Some of them can be linked to the conservative nature of the traditional industry, and to the immature nature of the tourism sector, others to the role of policy. However, at the same time as there being a number of obstacles for collaboration, the article reveals some interesting possibilities to form inter-sectoral knowledge sharing.     

基于VEP方法的旅游地地方依恋要素维度分析——以白云山为例

本文使用VEP方法采集了40个样本共92张图片,通过样本对每一张图片的意义阐释所形成的质性数据研究了旅游地地方依恋的组成要素。研究表明旅游地地方依恋从纵向可分为精神性依恋和功能性依恋,从横向可分为环境景观维度、休闲维度、人际社交维度和设施服务维度等四个要素维度,并构建了二维八象限的地方依恋结构质性模型。研究还发现功能性依恋的形成主要基于地方的空间要素;长期的体验积累形成功能性依恋,进而转化为习惯;习惯是精神性依恋产生的必要条件;特殊事件则促进产生精神性依恋。     

扎根理论视角下旅游非正式部门成长路径——以安徽西递古村为例

以安徽西递古村的旅游非正式部门为研究对象,运用扎根理论研究方法,通过聚焦编码、轴心编码、理论编码三步骤,分析案例地旅游非正式部门的成长路径。研究发现:1旅游非正式部门发展在符合生命周期基本理论基础上,具有新特色。随着阶段推进,主导影响因素由单一向多元转变,外部影响因素的作用力愈渐加强。2精英带动在旅游非正式部门发展起步阶段起主导作用并以粗放开发为特色;利益驱动下旅游非正式部门过度扩张使得同质竞争激烈化,经营边际收益减少;家庭结构与社区影响造成经营固化与惯性,社会政策带来经营萎缩,经营者试图通过寻租及名望身份赋加的形式改变困境,增强对经济之外的其他诉求(如名望、人际),促进了旅游非正式部门对自我身份重新审视与再定位。3社区力量在市场饱和后以隐性道德伦理手段维持既有市场结构平衡状态,成为市场竞争调控手段新补充。     

旅游业循环经济:发展观、伦理观与产业范式

分析旅游业实施循环经济的理论与时代背景。将我国传统旅游经济归纳为资源中心发展观、产品中心发展观和顾客中心发展观等传统范式阶段,并主张以循环生态发展观来扬弃传统的人类中心型的发展方式。从环境观、资源观、社会观、科技观等层次对旅游业循环经济的伦理观进行了阐述。提出旅游业循环经济包括单体企业层次、企业群落层次、旅游业产业群落层次和国民经济的大生产群落层次等四个结构层次,总结了旅游六要素的循环经济运作观。最后,对比分析了传统旅游经济与循环型旅游经济的范式结构,提出旅游循环经济的实现还存在技术、观念和利益机制的障碍。     

中国旅游业、旅游学和旅游规划的30年述评

改革开放30年是中国旅游业、旅游学和旅游规划发展的关键时期。无论是旅游业的转型升级,还是旅游学理论的自主创新,或者是旅游规划的演进更替,都取得了十分可喜的成绩。这其中,一些关键事件对我国旅游业、旅游学和旅游规划的发展起到了至关重要的作用。认识和分析这些重要事件,反思其在改革开放30年中的发展进程,对我国实施旅游强国战略具有重要的现实意义。     

试论旅游活动"新六要素"

吃、住、行、游、购、娱六要素是旅游活动最低层次的需要、最基本的保证。我国旅游业经过数十年的发展,旅游活动的要素有了变化。本文提出了现阶段的旅游活动“新六要素”：资源、环境、文化、科技、余暇、金钱,试图解释旅游活动的要素应当随着旅游业的发展而变化。