The changing identity of the Central European city: the case of Katowice

The issue of diverse identities imprinted on the urban landscape as the result of political changes and the struggle for power between different social and ethnic groups is analysed here using the example of Katowice, the capital and largest urban centre in Upper Silesia, Poland. Basing their conclusions on systematic investigation of the most important changes and features in the cityscape in five clearly distinct historical periods, the authors explore the conditions and mechanisms of the creation of the city’s symbolic landscape and its links with urban identity. They argue that Katowice represents a peculiar model of urban identity formation in Central and Eastern Europe that has to date not been researched in any depth, in which each successive historical period represents a rupture with the foregoing values and ideas and an attempt to make a new, lasting imprint on the material outlook of the city. The development of such a model of identity is the result of the complex interplay between the city’s changing geopolitical context and its economic and functional development path.     

Learning patterns,potter interaction and ceramic style among the Luo of Kenya

One aspect of an ethno-archaeological study of the pottery system of the Luo people of Kenya is examined. It was discovered that ceramic micro-styles, distinctive combinations of decorative, formal and technological features characteristic of the different potter communities in a 3000 km² region of western Kenya, are the product of local traditions of manufacture perpetuated by women potters recruited from outside the communities as a result of a patrilocal post-marital residence system. An analysis of the interplay of a mother-in-law/daughter-in-law learning pattern, strong pressures for post-marital resocialization, and processes of potter interaction in the generation of ceramic styles is undertaken and some implications for archaeological attempts to use ceramic patterning to uncover prehistoric social organization are discussed.

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Résumé L'article examine un aspect d'une étude ethno-archéologique du système céramique du peuple Luo de Kenya. On a trouvé que des micro-styles céramiques, des combinaisons distinctives de traits décoratifs, formels et technologiques qui caractérisent les différentes communautés de potières dans une région de 3000 kilomètres carrés au Kenya occidental, sont le produit de traditions locales de fabrication. Ces traditions sont perpétuées par des potières recrutées hors des communautés à cause d'un système de résidence patrilocale après le mariage. L'auteur entreprend une analyse de l'interaction entre trois éléments dans la formation des styles céramiques: une tendance d'enseignement des méthodes de fabrication à belle-fille par belle-mère, des pressions intensives vers une resocialisation après le mariage, et des processus d'interaction entre potières. Elle discute quelques implications pour les archéologues qui essaient d'utiliser la structuration de la céramique afin de découvrir l'organisation sociale préhistorique.

     

清代晋中奢靡之风述论

清代,晋中奢风甚炽,弥漫于日常生活的方方面面。这一风尚的形成是商人直接导引的结果;同 时,它又进一步驱人于商途,促进了晋中社会区域性商业繁荣和区域商帮--晋商的发展,从而使清代晋中奢 靡之风愈演愈烈,流风久远。     

The Middle Stone Age of West Turkana,Kenya

Abstract

Research on the origins of Homo sapiens and the development of our species’ unique behavior is focused on the Middle Stone Age (MSA) period in Africa (in comparison with the European Upper Palaeolithic). Although archaeological and paleontological fieldwork in the Turkana Basin in northwestern Kenya has contributed greatly to our understanding of human evolution in Africa, the Basin's MSA archaeological record remains poorly known. We report on a reconnaissance of MSA sites in West Turkana, Kenya, which included known archaeological/paleoanthropological localities at Eliye Springs and Kabua Waterhole (Kadokorinyang). A newly-discovered site, Nakechichok 1 (GdJh 5), preserves MSA tools stratified beneath Late Stone Age assemblages. The MSA lithic artifacts from Nakechichok 1 differ from those known from other MSA localities in nearby regions, and, they expand the known scope of MSA variability in the Turkana Basin, demonstrating that the MSA is not “missing” in this region, but just hard to find.     

Hunter to herder: large mammal remains from the hunter-gatherer occupation at Enkapune Ya Muto rock-shelter,Central Rift,Kenya

Late Quaternary rock-shelter deposits from the Mau Escarpement in Kenya preserve abundant large mammal remains, particularly in Holocene deposits. Taphonomic analysis indicates that people accumulated the Holocene archaeofauna and that, after discard, ravaging carnivores had little impact on the assemblage. The hunters concentrated on small bovids of the forest throughout the occupation, avoiding the larger more dangerous game that must have been abundant. This pattern differs significantly from that documented over the last 100 years for the Okiek hunter-gatherers of the Mau montane forest. Complete carcasses of small bovids were typically transported to the site, and the introduction of pottery had no apparent effect on carcass transport and butchery. Slightly greater bone destruction is evident at the time of the middle Holocene dry phase, and this may relate to more intense grease rendering. Domestic caprines appearedca 4000 years ago, about 900 years after pottery, but small wild bovids dominated the economy until about 3000 years ago when the resident hunter-gatherers became specialized caprine herders.

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Résumé Les dépôts de cet abri sous roche, escarpement de Mau, Kenya, et en particulier les dépôts holocènes, ont preservé une faune abondante de mammiferes larges. L'analyse taphonomique indique que les carnivores n'ont eu que peu d'effet sur la distribution de l'archéofaune holocène accumulée par les humains. La chasse fut concentrée sur les petits bovidés de la forêt pendant toute l'occupation du site, évitant les animaux plus larges et plus dangereux qui devaient cependant être abondant. Cette image diverge de façon significative de celle obtenue pour les Okiek (chasseurs/cueilleurs de la forêt de montagne de Mau), pour les 100 dernières années.Les carcasses complètes des petits bovidés étainent habituellement transportées sur le site et l'introduction de la poterie ne semble pas avoir eu d'effet apparent sur le transport des carcasses ou leur démembrement. Durant la phase sèche de l'Holocène moyen, une destruction un peu plus étendue des os est évidente et pourrait être attribuée à une exploitation de la graisse plus intense. Les caprinés domestiques apparaissent aux environs de 4000 ans, plusieurs centaines d'années après la potterie, mais les petits bovidés sauvages dominent l'économie jusqu'aux environs de 3000 ans, lorsque les chasseurs/cueilleurs résidents se spécialisent dans la garde des caprinés.

     

The Current Status of the Kenya Capsian

East Africa is home to a rich array of stone-tool traditions that span human prehistory. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the region attracted pioneer prehistorians in the early twentieth century, including L. S. B. Leakey, E. J. Wayland and T. P. O’Brien, who created the first cultural framework for East African prehistory during the 1930s. Although aspects of this framework remain relevant today, others have become misunderstood relics of an old classification system that hinders current research. This is particularly evident in the classification of a Later Stone Age (LSA) culture – the Kenya (East African) Aurignacian, later known as Kenya (East African) Capsian. Although this cultural entity was redressed during the 1970s and 1980s and redefined as the Eburran industry, there is still mystique surrounding the current status of the Kenya Capsian, its original scope and definition, the relationship with the Eburran and its position within a modern understanding of the East African LSA. This is largely due to paradigmatic shifts in researcher attitudes, leading to the use of the Eburran as a false proxy. It is necessary now to completely remove the term Kenya Capsian as an indication of similarity among the different LSA technologies. However, there also needs to be less emphasis on the importance of the Eburran and recognition that it is just one example of a multitude of diverse localised LSA industries. This will open the way for future research into the LSA and facilitate our greater understanding of recent prehistory in East Africa.     

Iron smelting and interethnic conflict among precolonial Maa-speaking pastoralists of north-central Kenya

The sparse archaeological remains attributed to pastoralists in north-central Kenya include quantities of smelting debris. A preliminary investigation suggests that smelting sites occur in two distinct locations: a majority in the lowlands at mountain bases or plains oases, and a minority on low mountain ridges. Mountain-base sites would offer direct access to the natural and human resources required for smelting ores, forging iron, and exchanging finished implements. At ridge-top sites, however, these resources would be inaccessible. Descendants of the last Maa-speaking smelters suggest that pre-colonial blacksmiths may periodically have resettled in mountains to continue their craft in the face of intense interethnic conflict. The conflict hypothesis is evaluated against oral traditions and archaeological evidence.

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Résumé Les vestiges archéologiques attribués aux pastoralistes de la région nord-centrale du Kenya comprennent des quantités de débris de fonte. Une investigation préliminaire suggère que des gisements de fondeurs se trouvent dans deux situations différentes: la plupart sont dans la plaine au pied des montagnes ou dans des oasis, tandis qu'une minorité de gisements se trouve sur de basses crêtes de montagnes. Les gisements au pied des montagnes offriraient un acces direct aux ressources naturelles et humaines necessaires pour fondre les minérais, forger le fer, et échanger des outils achevés. Par contre, dans les gisements de crête, ces ressources seraient inaccessibles. Les descendants des derniers fondeurs de langue Maa suggèrent que des forgerons précoloniaux ont peut-être ré-occupé les montagnes périodiquement et poursuivi leur métier face aux conflits intenses entre différents groupes ethniques. L'hypothèse du conflit est evaluée par rapport aux traditions orales et aux vestiges archéologiques.

     

迪政丹独龙人的房葬

滇西高黎贡山西麓的独龙江畔,是中国人口不足万人的少数民族独龙族生活的乐园。由于长期的封闭,使独龙族与外界相对隔绝,外界的人们在对独龙族人的生活很少知晓的情况下,对其生存的独龙江原始生态区域的认识本身就是一种秘密,其纹面、巢居等遗风遗俗又使其披上了神秘的色彩,迪政丹一带的房葬更是鲜为人知。     

The changing nature of Jemaah Islamiyah

Of all the Islamic terrorist organisations known to be operating in Southeast Asia, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) is probably the best known. But when attempting to combat it and its violence against civilians, security forces need to be aware of its current nature. This article seeks to show from the history of JI that it is a constantly changing, complex and highly flexible organisation; that while its roots lie deep in Indonesian history, it recruits from and adapts to the other countries in which it is operative. Consequently, JI seems to be a different organisation depending on the country from which it is viewed. The article shows that security forces need to be fully aware of both its Protean character and its history if effective measures are to be taken against it.     

Bonding,bridging and ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: changing discourses in a changing nation

ABSTRACT. The discourse on the integration of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands has undergone profound changes over the past few decades. This article analyses how discourses in politics and academia have revolved around changing emphases upon the social capital processes of ‘bonding’ of individuals within groups and ‘bridging’ of individuals to the wider society. Four episodes of discourse and policy may be distinguished: denial of being a country of immigration until the 1970s; the Minorities Policy in the 1980s; the Integration Policy of the 1990s; and the rise of a more assimilationist discourse after the turn of the millennium. The country thus began in the post‐war period with a pluralist perspective toward integration rooted in the traditional religious and ideological ‘pillarisation’ of society, shifting first to a multicultural perspective, then to an integrationist and, finally, in the new millennium, to an assimilationist perspective.