Gender,Environment and Population

Based on field research from three regions with distinct variations in environment, population density, livelihood bases and levels of resource dependency, this study investigates the gender aspects of environmental change. It seeks to illustrate the relevance of gender factors for the patterns of adaptation to change, for the welfare impact of changes on the population, and for the ramifications for resource management and livelihood generation at the community level. It employs a gender analysis to examine the impact of such changes on population variables, particularly on health and nutrition, and to explore the more general question of whether women's socio-economic status is being threatened by the pressures of environmental change.     

Chemistry,Population, Resources

Abstract

Chemistry plays a dominant role in the development of modern human societies over the entire globe. Improving the health and nutrition of people has led to a rapid growth in population, especially among the developing nation. Increase in energy supplies has not matched population growth and, arguably, our total stock of accumulated energy capital is diminishing rapidly. The use of coal or nuclear fuels, instead of oil would present their own set of problems. There is however, the possibility of using sunshine directly, and thus living on our annual income of energy from the Sun. It would be possible, argue the following article, to grow hydrocarbon-producing plants in arid or semi-arid regions of the Earth where they would not compete with food production, and produce hydrocarbons at the order of $20.00 a barrel compared with the current crude oil price of $14.00 a barrel.     

Commuting, Migration, and Rural-Urban Population Dynamics

Over the past 25 years social scientists attempting to explain the dramatic changes in the relative distribution of urban and rural population growth have gravitated toward two competing explanations. The regional restructuring hypothesis holds that changes in the spatial distribution of employment opportunities have been dominant whereas the deconcentration hypothesis attributes these changes to changes in residential preferences of workers and consumers. We develop an empirical test of these two explanations based on whether commuting and migration are positively or negatively related after controlling for other economic factors. Our econometric results support the deconcentration hypothesis.     

Population density,crowding and human behaviour

The author reviews the existing literature on density and crowding from a geographical perspective, with a focus on the concerns of urban geographers. Several types of empirical studies are described and reviewed, and research on models of crowding is outlined     

Tibetan,Population: Status Quo

Ｔｉｂｅｔａｎ,Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ：ＳｔａｔｕｓＱｕｏ￥Ｔｉｂｅｔ＇ｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔ４０－ｏｄｄｙｅａｒｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｂｙｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ１００ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ,ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｎｎｕａｌｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅｉｎ...     

Population geography: disorder,death and future directions

This is one in a series of reports on research trends in population geography. The author suggests that recent political changes concerning the breakup of the former Soviet Union and a possible decline in concern among developed countries about the problems of developing ones should affect the research agenda. Particular attention is given to studies done on differential mortality and internal migration in developed countries.     

Population,Households, and Ceramic Consumption in a Prehistoric Cypriot Village

Abstract

Evidence from excavations at the Early and Middle Bronze Age site of Marki-Alonia (ca. 2400–1900 B.C.) in central Cyprus provides the base for estimates of evolving population size, community structure, and the scale of ceramic consumption in a prehistoric village. We explore factors such as the region's carrying capacity, tombs associated with the site, average household size, and domestic and funerary ceramic discard. Despite the unavoidable crudeness of any such measures, acceptable order-of magnitude figures can be developed with significant implications for understanding the size and structure of households, kinship relationships, and social reproduction, as well as the degree of craft specialization and the context of skills acquisition and learning.     

Population,economy and domestic groups: the Kitui case

An attempt is made to assess the impact of population growth and labor migration on the size and form of households in Kitui, a district in the semi-arid zone of Eastern Province, Kenya. The data concern two neighborhoods, Ngangani and Syoyua, with contrasting population densities. Changes in households and household forms are described, with particular reference to the effect of land pressures. (summary in FRE)     

Population Synthesis: Comparing the Major Techniques Using a Small, Complete Population of Firms

Recently, disaggregate modeling efforts that rely on microdata have received wide attention by scholars and practitioners. Synthetic population techniques have been devised and are used as a viable alternative to the collection of microdata that normally are inaccessible because of confidentiality concerns or incomplete because of high acquisition costs. The two most widely discussed synthetic techniques are the synthetic reconstruction method (IPFSR), which makes use of iterative proportional fitting (IPF) techniques, and the combinatorial optimization (CO) method. Both methods are described in this article and then evaluated in terms of their ability to recreate a known population of firms, using limited data extracted from the parent population of the firms. Testing a synthetic population against a known population is seldom done, because obtaining an entire population usually is too difficult. The case presented here uses a small, complete population of firms for the City of Hamilton, Ontario, for the year 1990; firm attributes compiled are number of employees, 3-digit standard industrial classification, and geographic location. Results are summarized for experiments based upon various combinations of sample size and tabulation detail designed to maximize the accuracy of resulting synthetic populations while holding input data costs to a minimum. The output from both methods indicates that increases in sample size and tabulation detail result in higher quality synthetic populations, although the quality of the generated population is more sensitive to increases in tabular detail. Finally, most tests conducted with the created synthetic populations suggest that the CO method is superior to the IPFSR method.     

Population size, concentration, and civil war. A geographically disaggregated analysis

Why do larger countries have more armed conflict? This paper surveys three sets of hypotheses put forward in the conflict literature regarding the relationship between the size and location of population groups. These hypotheses are based on population mass and concentrations, distances, and some residual state-level characteristics. The hypotheses are tested with a new dataset – ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Events Dataset) – that disaggregates internal conflicts into individual events. The analysis covers 14 countries in Central Africa. The conflict event data are juxtaposed with geographically disaggregated data on populations, distance to capitals, borders, and road networks. The paper develops a statistical method to analyze these types of data. The analysis shows that the risk of conflict events increases with local population size, and is particularly large in highly populous locations within a country. We find only a moderate difference in conflict-proneness between areas located close to or far from a country's capital, except when combined with population concentration: Conflict events cluster particularly strongly in larger population concentrations that are distant from the capital, such as the Eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo.