清代县以下行政区划

清代地方政权最低一级为县.县以下基层社会中的行政区划,是国家权力与基层社会固有权力在制度层面上的契合点.本文通过考察清代县以下行政区划的形态、依据、性质,探讨了里社、保甲制度演变的深层原因--国家权力与基层社会固有权力在其中的位置及消长,揭示了原本对立统一的两方,如何在相互斗争中达到更高层次的统一,最终于基层社会确立了以士绅为主体的支配体系.     

对清代州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地的考察

清代州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地问题,涉及到清代地方政权结构、最低一级政权、上层政权对基层社会统治等方面,是新近引起学界关注的重要问题.本文以广东为重点,通过考察州县佐贰、典史与巡检辖属之地的实况、依据、性质,否定了清代"皇权不止于县"的猜想,进一步梳理了县以下各种不同的行政编组和区划,为深入认识清代国家权力与基层社会固有权力在制度层面上的契合点,提供了有益的历史素材.     

清代县志与族谱编纂中的官民互动——以安徽泾县样本为中心

作为地方公共历史重要平台的清代县志与作为私家历史代表的族谱,在编纂过程中出现了官民互动密切、双向流动频繁的重要动向。而宗族板结化的人物在县志和族谱之间的双向流动,指示着县志和族谱背后有一个共同的操纵力量——强宗大族与官绅阶层结合所达成的权力共谋关系。本文以清代泾县县志与泾县族谱为样本,深入分析两者之间复杂的互动关系,揭示在宗族权力网络主导下的清代方志的特性与局限以及族谱在地方文化建构中的重要作用。     

清前期澳门及周边地区社会治理权力结构探析——从新发现《澳门志略》所见

近年来,以记录明清澳门及其周边地区地理、历史、行政治理和社会风情的道光七年(1827)采访册《澳门志略》被发现和利用。以《澳门志略》为中心,结合档案、方志、谱牒等类既有文献,清代前期澳门和周边华人生活区域适可作为一个整体的考察对象,有助于厘清同一时期澳门与周边地区之关系及其社会治理权力结构情况,特别是清政府在澳门设置的行政机构和官员之性质与职能以及地方精英阶层等问题,进而审视清代前期澳门和周边华人生活区域的正式和非正式权力结构与地方社会治理之间的内在联系。     

俄罗斯联邦权力结构改革与民族问题

俄罗斯独立后的联邦权力结构改革与民族问题有很强的关联性。俄罗斯独立之初,伴随着地方民族主义的抬头,各民族自治实体与联邦中央展开了权力争夺。叶利钦时期,俄联邦中央试图通过与地方分享权力来化解这种危机;普京执政以后,大力加强联邦垂直权力体系的建设,以求提高联邦的法律效率和整顿社会秩序。文章认为,民族因素是俄联邦权力结构组合和变迁的重要因素;普京对联邦权力结构的改革将减少地方和民族因素的影响,联邦权力体系的运行效率将大大提高。     

浅谈清代铸钱体系中的“卯”

在清代银钱货币体系中,清政府将制钱作为主要的货币调控手段,独揽铸造权力。在具体的铸造过程中,清政府“分卯鼓铸”,山将“卯”作为铸钱过程中的铸造数量与成本控制工具。呵见,“卯”在清代货币铸造中具有重要地位。     

民国保甲诉讼与甘肃乡镇保长的角色游移

20世纪30年代的甘肃乡村社会,战乱与贫困相依相存。抗战时期繁苛的兵役田赋不断压榨着民众的生存资本。乡镇保长作为国家行政体系的最基层,在征粮纳赋中首当其冲,民众与乡镇保长的关系势难缓冲,呈讼案件迭出不穷。甘肃省、县政府在迫切需要乡镇保长完成上级任务的情境下,亦不得不对拥有地方人脉资源的乡镇保长多加拉拢。与此同时,国民政府保甲制度的推行,打破了乡村社会既有的权力平衡,国家行政体系与乡村势力之间发生了一系列碰撞与交融。传统的乡村权力结构发生变异,乡村士绅阶层出现分流,一部分退出乡村社会的权力体系,一部分不得不与地方豪绅沆瀣一气,更有一部分地痞流氓乘隙而入,充当了国家权力与地方势力相互融通的工具。     

清代学额制度在地方的运作: 以散厅、废县和分州分县设学立额为中心

清代“科举必由学校”,学额的分配实质上是国家政治资源和权力在县级政区的分配。清朝近三百年间,地方行政制度多有变化。厅制行政区划为清代独有,其形成是一个较长的历史过程;后有废县(州厅卫)置乡;还形成具有“分征钱粮”职能的分州、分县。不过,按照规制非州县不得设学校。通过统计和案例分析可知,为保证各地都有一定数量基层绅士(生员),减少不同地区的学额之争,产生了散厅、废县置乡、分州分县设学立额的现象。清代看似严格的学校学额制度,在地方实际运作中有一定的灵活度。又通过适当的变通,保证了国家政治资源和权力在地方的有效分配。     

清代中央财政与地方财政的调整

清代中央财政与地方财政的调整陈锋清代中央财政和地方财政几经变动与调整,就中央财政与地方财政的关系及其性质而言,清代前期与后期是大为不同的。前期,中央财政与地方财政的调整,主要反映出在户部控制之下,钱粮起运、存留比例的变动;后期,中央财政与地方财政出现...     

巡察御史与雍正朝政治

巡察御史是雍正朝极具特色的监察官员,其巡视地方、以非制度化的权力介入地方政治,并广泛参与到世宗推行的新政改革中。制度规定的缺乏一方面使巡察御史在行政中具有灵活性,对改良地方积弊深有裨益;另一方面则导致职事、权力与官位三者的分裂,使巡察御史成为制度之赘余,终致停废。本文梳理巡察御史的制度渊源与设立始末,检视其介入地方政治并实现职权延伸的实态,考察其废置的深层制度原因。巡察御史的兴废一方面与雍正朝政治走向相关,另一方面又可对省思清代制度设计与实践有所启示。     

极致玩法

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On the Unseriousness of Human Affairs: Teaching,Writing, Playing,Believing, Lecturing,Philosophizing, Singing,Dancing

Abstract

Baker, Paula, ed. Money and Politics University Park: Penn State University Press 120 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-271-02246-9 Publication Date: October 2002

Swers, Michele L. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress Chicago: University of Chicago Press 200 pp., $45.00 cloth, $16.00 paper ISBN 0-226-78647-1 cloth ISBN 0-226-78649-8 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Brady, David W., and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress Stanford: Stanford University Press 549 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8047-4571-4 Publication Date: September 2002

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited New York: Cambridge University Press 459 pp., $70.00 cloth, $25.00 paper ISBN 0-521-78351-8 cloth ISBN 0-521-78971-0 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Bonnicksen, Andrea L. Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 232 pp., $39.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-370-1 cloth ISBN 0-87840-371-X paper Publication Date: August 2002

Nelson, Candice J., David A. Dulio, and Stephen K. Medvic, eds. Shades of Gray: Perspectives on Campaign Ethics Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 262 pp., $46.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-8157-0618-9 cloth ISBN 0-8157-0617-0 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Hendrickson, Ryan C. The Clinton Wars: The Constitution, Congress, and War Powers Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press 240 pp., $49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-8265-1413-8 cloth ISBN 0-8265-1414-6 paper Publication Date: August 2002

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Tusmith, Bonnie, and Maureen T. Reddy, eds. Race in the College Classroom: Pedagogy and Politics New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 336 pp., $60.00 cloth, $22.00 paper ISBN 0-8135-3108-X cloth ISBN 0-8135-3109-8 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Miller-Adams, Michelle Owning Up: Poverty, Assets, and the American Dream Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 224 pp., $18.95, ISBN 0-8157-0619-7 Publication Date: July 2002

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Cooper, Phillip J. By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 301 pp., $39.95 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-1179-7 cloth ISBN 0-7006-1180-0 paper Publication Date: June 2002

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Adler, E. Scott Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Re-election and the House Committee System Chicago: University of Chicago Press 263 pp., $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper ISBN 0-226-00755-3 cloth ISBN 0-226-00756-1 paper Publication Date: May 2002

Hamburger, Philip Separation of Church and State Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 514 pp., $49.95, ISBN 0-674-00734-4 Publication Date: May 2002

Squires, Gregory D., ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press 364 pp., $32.50, ISBN 0-87766-709-8 Publication Date: April 2002

Robinson, Randall N. The Reckoning: What Blacks Owe to Each Other New York: E. P. Dutton 290 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-525-94625-X Publication Date: January 2002

Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 320 pp., $34.95, ISBN 0-7006-1171-1 Publication Date: May 2002

Cohen, Warren I. The Asian American Century Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 150 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-674-00765-4 Publication Date: March 2002

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Camp, Roderic Ai Mexico's Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the Twenty-First Century Berkeley: University of California Press 319 pp., $54.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-520-23343-3 cloth ISBN 0-520-23344-1 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Ivanov, Igor S. The New Russian Diplomacy: Ten Years of Moscow's Foreign Policy Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 203 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8157-4498-6 Publication Date: July 2002

Volkov, Vadim Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 224 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-801-48778-1 Publication Date: September 2002

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Byman, Daniel L. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press 280 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8018-6804-1 Publication Date: March 2002

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Jung, Hwa Yol, ed. Comparative Political Culture in the Age of Globalization: An Introductory Anthology Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 464 pp., $80.00 cloth, $26.95 paper ISBN 0-7391-0317-2 cloth ISBN 0-7391-0318-0 paper Publication Date: February 2002

Beissinger, Mark R., and Crawford Young, eds. Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 514 pp., $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-930365-07-1 cloth ISBN 1-930365-08-X paper Publication Date: May 2002

Ding, Yjiang Chinese Democracy after Tiananmen New York: Columbia University Press 173 pp., $75.00 cloth, $20.00 paper ISBN 0-774-80838-1 ISBN 0-231-12565-8 Publication Date: March 2002

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Tuckness, Alex Locke and the Legislative Point of View: Toleration, Contested Principles, and the Law Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 206 pp., $49.50 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-691-09503-5 cloth ISBN 0-691-09504-3 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Edwards, Alistair, and Jules Townshend, eds. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx New York: Palgrave Macmillan 241 pp., $74.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-333-77241-5 cloth ISBN 0-333-77242-3 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Uslaner, Eric M. The Moral Foundations of Trust New York: Cambridge University Press 298 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper ISBN 0-521-81213-5 cloth ISBN 0-521-01103-5 paper Publication Date: July 2002

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Tessitore, Aristide, ed. Aristotle and Modern Politics: The Persistence of Political Philosophy Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 438 pp., $32.95, ISBN 0-268-02014-0 Publication Date: April 2002

Freeberg, Ellen M. Regarding Equality: Rethinking Contemporary Theories of Citizenship, Freedom, and the Limits of Moral Pluralism Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 145 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-7391-0155-2 Publication Date: March 2002

Jamieson, Beth Kiyoko Real Choices: Feminism, Freedom, and the Limits of the Law University Park: Penn State University Press 259 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-271-02136-5 Publication Date: December 2001