20世纪90年代的中国军事变革

20世纪90年代,中国充分利用世界军事变革的形势和冷战结束后相对和平的环境,紧跟世界潮流,全面推进了具有中国特色的新军事变革:及时调整军事战略方针,形成了军事变革的总体规划和设计;大胆进行理论创新,充分发挥了理论的先导作用;自力更生发展"杀手锏",提高了武器装备的信忠化水平;以人为本,人才先行,培养出大批高素质的人才;调整体制编制,压缩军队规模,优化了部队结构。经过近十年的努力,中国新军事变革取得巨大的成就,缩短了同美、俄等国军事力量的差距,同时也为新世纪新军事变革的继续深入奠定了坚实的基础。     

试论19世纪30～40年代法国共和运动的勃兴

19世纪30~40年代是近代法国社会、经济发展和变化的重要时期。在这个时期,资产阶级共和派为继承大革命精神、发扬共和原则和实现共和制度,进行了持续的斗争,共和运动因此勃兴。这场共和运动方式多样,派别众多,为法国最终确立共和制度打下了坚实的理论和群众基础。     

试论李大钊早期的军事理论

1918年11月,第一次世界大战以德、奥等“同盟国”的失败而告终。消息传到北京后,人们欢欣鼓舞,纷纷庆祝“公理打败了强权”。各帝国主义战胜国和北洋军阀政府,为了掩饰他们发动战争的真正原因,更为重要的是,为了遏止马克思主义在中国的传播,极力把这次战争的胜利解释成为联合国家的打败了德国武力的结果,企图以此掩盖这次战争的真相。     

法国对20世纪中国史的研究

法国对于20世纪中国史的教学与科研,始终只局限于某些机构和只涉及到数目相当有限的科研人员。法国的汉学家们确实似乎或更加关心古典中国,这或是由于一种要上溯到17世纪的耶稣会士们和“启蒙时代”哲学家们的传统,或是由于中国在政治学范畴内高度近代化了。从清末到共产党人于1949年的胜利,     

20世纪30年代湖北的水利建设

民国时期,湖北水灾十分频繁,仅20世纪30年代就发生了两次特大水灾,这引起了国民政府的反思。“惟是已成之灾,政府固应尽赈救之责,而根本治导,预防灾难之再至,政府之责, 则尤为重大。“灾后政府在人力、物力等方面加大了对水利建设的投入,从修复堤防到植树造林,采取了一系列措施来提高防灾抗灾的能力。     

20世纪30年代的文实之争

20世纪30年代,中国的教育正处于一场大变革时期,无论是政府中人还是一般教育者都试图对变革有所影响。文实之争正是在这一背景下发生的。论争首先发生于广州,1932年5月19日,邹鲁等政要提出在广州各大学“停办文法科或减少数量”,由此在广州《民国日报》现代青年栏引发了讨论。相差仅11天,陈果夫也向国民党中央提出了“十年之内停办文法科”的教育改革方案,此后围绕着是否应该“抑文重实”发生了全国性的讨论。这场貌似简单的关于一条具体教育改革措施的论争,实际上隐含着非常丰富的内容,诸如社会问题的解决、国难的因应、地方和中央之争、自由知识分子与国民党之争等无一不在其中。梳理纷纭,揭示细故,既可再现当时教育变革的场景,又可发现隐藏在教育中的历史。     

20世纪60年代美国的杀虫剂辩论及其影响

美国学者蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》( 1 96 2年 )一书描述了滥用杀虫剂的严重后果。该书的出版 ,在美国引发了一场关于杀虫剂的辩论。辩论主要在反对卡逊观点的农场主化工集团和拥护卡逊的环保组织之间进行 ,并以后者的胜利而告终。这场辩论对杀虫剂的管理部门和生产部门、对现代美国环保运动的兴起都产生了深远的影响。     

民族复兴视域下的近代法国初等学校军事教育

普法战争后,为了实现国家军事崛起,收复国土,复兴民族,法兰西第三共和国政府在初等学校大力开展军事教育,以培养未来的"公民战士"。教育部携手军方和各民间组织,帮助初等学校开展体育和军事教育。初等学校各门课程也努力结合各自的学科特点,进行拥军爱国思想教育,与体育课共同构建起一个多学科渗透的军事爱国主义教育体系,为法兰西民族在身心上双重实现"民族新生",以及法兰西民族国家的建构提供了助力。     

20世纪初法国汉学家的广西史地研究

20世纪初是法国汉学研究发展至鼎盛的时期,这一时期法国汉学家发表了较多关于广西历史地理研究的成果,包括裴安奎《兴安渠考》、马伯乐《秦汉象郡考》、鄂卢梭《秦代初平南越考》等论著,代表了当时法国汉学家对广西历史地理研究的水平。     

对20世纪法国知识分子的系统审视－－读《20世纪法国知识分子的历程》

在当今社会 ,知识分子这一特殊的社会群体的地位与作用日渐彰显。因此 ,对知识分子的研究 ,自 2 0世纪中叶以来 ,始终是国外人文社会科学领域的热点之一。其中 ,不少外国史学家亦纷纷涉足这方面的研究。尤其是在富有史学传统 ,而且其当代史学亦始终执国际史坛之牛耳的法国 ,在2 0世纪的晚期 ,在社会文化史热日趋升温与政治史重新焕发生机的大背景下 ,甚至诞生了一门新的史学分支———知识分子史。更有甚者 ,在以让 -弗朗索瓦·西里纳利为代表的一大批年富力强的史学家的共同努力下 ,以研究 2 0世纪法国知识分子为主要内容的知识分子史亦已…     

Pre-Columbian congenital syphilis from the late antiquity in France

Today, exactly 500 years after the discovery of America, there is still a lot of controversy about the history of syphilis in Europe, especially about the Columbian and pre-Columbian hypotheses. This paper presents evidence for the presence of venereal treponematosis in the late Antiquity in France. The case that we examined comes from the necropolis of Costebelle (3rd-5th centuries AD; Hyères, Var, France). Grave no. 1 contained the well-preserved skeleton of a relatively old woman with the skeletal remains of an approximately 7-month-old fetus in her pelvic cavity. The osseous lesions of the fetal remains can be described in four groups: periosteal appositions on the skull vault (frontal and parietal); signs of periostitis on the long bones (bilateral cortical irregularities, predominantly on the left side, which affect first of all tibiae, femora, fibulae, radii and humeri, particularly in the metaphyseal region); some infraperiosteal detachment reminiscent of an infraperiosteal haematoma surrounding the distal extremity of the left forearm and the left hand; and finally, the irregular lesions of the humeral distal and proximal tibial metaphyses reminded us radiologically of Wimberger's signs. The most probable diagnosis of all the lesions mentioned above is that of a precocious congenital syphilis. This case consists of an argument against the epidemiological theories about the migration of Treponema pallidum from the New World back to the Old World starting at the end of the 15th century.     

近代早期法国贵族附庸关系初探

近代早期法国贵族间的附庸关系与中世纪的封臣制不同,它是以血缘和亲族关系构建起来的依附性网络,婚姻联盟则进一步加强了这种关系。然而,在法国宗教战争和福隆德运动的危机时期,贵族附庸关系受到政治势力、宗教信仰、双方政见、个人利益等多重因素的影响与挑战,其稳定性不断削弱,王权则在此时乘机渗透到贵族附庸关系中,为后来中央集权、绝对君主制的兴起奠定了基础。     

The French Republic and Women's Access to Professional Work: Issues and Controversies in France from the 1870s to the 1930s

While the French feminist movements campaigning to obtain the right to vote between the 1870s and the 1930s are well known, the struggles for women's access to higher education and professional work have not yet been studied in depth. Although the French Third Republic (1871–1940) claimed to adhere to the principles of equality, meritocracy and the ‘free competition of talents’, which translated concretely into the creation of a system of scholarships, competitions and professional degrees which provided access to many of the professional careers, these doors remained largely closed to the first women attempting to enter them. The controversies that this situation provoked are the subject of this article, which draws from professional, parliamentary, press and activist sources. More broadly, through examining this particular series of controversies, the article aims to give an account of the mechanisms and arguments that are generally used to make such discriminations publicly acceptable within institutional spaces that are formally governed by the principle of equal access.     

Gender Ideology in Historical Reconstruction: A Case Study from the 1930s

You are probably aware of the fact that homes are being wrecked daily due to the fact that married women are permitted to work in factories and offices in this land of ours. You and we all know that the place for a wife and mother is at home, her palace. The excuse is often brought up that the husband cannot find employment. It is the writers’ belief that if the women were expelled from places of business,…these very men would find employment. These same womens’ husbands would naturally be paid a higher salary, inasmuch as male employees demand a higher salary than females.¹     

Changes and turning points in welfare history. A case study: a comparison of France and Italy in the 1940s

An interesting case study in the history of welfare systems is the comparison between France and Italy. In fact, in the 1940s both countries had to tackle a very similar dilemma: the corrective reform of their existing welfare or the institution of reforms in line with the ‘universal’ model. This was a crucial turning point. Understanding these dynamics means grasping the significance of one of the most important moments in the history of the welfare state. The proposed reforms were ultimately rejected. Why? The aim of this article is to try to provide an answer to this question, examining the issue at various levels. It highlights the interactions between the top-down choices (the theoretical reflections and the political decisions) and grassroots dynamics (of social groups), and illustrates the decision-making process that led to the final outcome. The article is based largely on documents, often unpublished, from both French and Italian archives.     

Devonian operculate corals (Calceolidae,Cnidaria) from the Massif Armoricain,France

Wright, A.J., Plusquellec, Y. &; Gourvennec, R., February 2016. Devonian operculate corals (Calceolidae, Cnidaria) from the Massif Armoricain, France. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

The operculate coral Calceola gervillei Bayle, 1878 Bayle, E., 1878. Fossiles principaux des terrains de la France. Explication de la Carte Géologique de France 4(1), 1–158. [Google Scholar] is described for the first time on the basis of the type material from the Cotentin region of Normandy (North Armorican Domain), from Early Devonian (likely upper Lochkovian to lower Pragian) strata, and is chosen as the type species of the monotypic new genus Gerviphyllum. The new genus is also present in the l’Armorique Formation (lower Pragian) of the Plougastel Peninsula (Central Armorican Domain) as Gerviphyllum sp. cf. G. gervillei. One locality in the upper Emsian (Polygnathus serotinus Conodont Zone) Le Fret Formation, on the northern coast of the Crozon Peninsula, has yielded operculate coral specimens described here as ?Chakeola sp., the first (tentative) record of the genus outside eastern Australia, south China and Vietnam. The operculate coral Calceola collini sp. nov. is described from six localities in the early Middle Devonian (Eifelian: Polygnathus costatus Conodont Zone) Saint-Fiacre Formation of the Plougastel and Crozon Peninsulas (Central Armorican Domain), despite the fact that knowledge of the internal characters, especially of the operculum, of the type species Calceola sandalina is very limited. From an extensive review of published references to Calceola from France, we conclude that only the record of Collin (1929 Collin, L., 1929. Un nouveau gisement à calcéoles dans le Dévonien de la Presqu’île de Crozon (Finistère). Bulletin de la Société Géologique et Minéralogique de Bretagne 7(3/4), 201–208. [Google Scholar]) is valid.

Anthony Wright (tony.wright@optusnet.com.au), GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth &; Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Yves Plusquellec (yves.plusquellec@univ-brest.fr) and Rémy Gourvennec (remy.gourvennec@univ-brest.fr), Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS-UMR 6538 ‘Domaines océaniques’, Laboratoire de Paléontologie, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 98837, F-29283, Brest, France. Received 1.10.2015; revised 8.12.2015; accepted 14.12.2015.     

战国中山军事制度初探

战国时期,中山作为一中等国家能纵横于各大国之间,这与它拥有较为完善的军事制度密不可分。这一时期,中山国军事领导体制得以确立,国王集军权于己,相兼领军事。兵种配置上,中山国设有车兵、步兵、骑兵等。而军事赏罚的实行也为提高军队战斗力提供了保障。