菲律宾流通币上的英雄群像

菲律宾人民在过去历史上灾难深重,自16世纪中叶,即沦为西班牙殖民地,受西班牙人奴役统治达330年,1898年美国与西班牙爆发了一场战争。美海军在马尼拉湾获胜,曾于1896年领导人民举行起义反抗西班牙殖民者的青年将军阿奎纳,从流亡地香港回来,宣布菲律宾独立,建立了第一个共和国。但美国并不想放弃对菲的统治,根据与战败国西班牙签订的“巴黎条约”,强行占领菲律宾。菲人民进行的抵抗运动一直延续到1902年,终被镇压下去,1935年菲成立自治政府,但在政治上仍受美国羁绊,太平洋战争爆发后,日军又于1941年未入侵,直至1944年美军在…     

美国对菲律宾的殖民统治及其影响

美国和菲律宾的关系是一个相对复杂的问题。19世纪末美国以武力颠覆了菲律宾共和国,在菲律宾建立了殖民统治。政治上,美国在菲律宾建立起一套完整的统治秩序,经济上将不平等条约强加给菲律宾,垄断菲律宾主要经济命脉,文化上大力输出美国式的价值观念和意识形态。美国的统治政策侵犯了菲律宾的主权和民族独立,造成了菲律宾经济的畸形发展和人民的贫困,阻碍了菲律宾民族文化的传承。     

对日媾和与美菲同盟条约的缔结

冷战之初,面对中国内战局势的变化和美国改变对日政策可能导致的日本重新军国主义化威胁,菲律宾将确保国家安全的希望寄托于美国,积极寻求与之订立"太平洋公约",但该构想不符合当时美国的战略考虑,屡遭拒绝。朝鲜战争的爆发,促使美国加快对日媾和。由于媾和方案在安全和赔偿方面未能满足菲律宾等国需求,遭到反对。为平息盟国不满,美国改变对"太平洋公约"的态度并提出自己的方案,但该方案将日本包括其中,被菲否定。经过博弈,在美国提供正式安全保证的前提下,菲律宾最终接受了媾和方案。     

威尔逊的史观及其对政策的影响

威尔逊的史观及其对政策的影响杨彪伍德罗·威尔逊是美国历史上的一位重要人物，一方面他是一位政治家，曾在美国历史上的重要时期中连任两届总统，另一方面他也是一位著名的历史学家。对历史的研究是威尔逊的主要学术成就所在，又深深地影响了他的决策，进而对美国的政策...     

从文学视角看《零售商菲化案》对华侨社会的影响——以《二十世纪五十年代商报小说选》为主的分析

论文通过对《二十世纪五十年代商报小说选》作品的分析,介绍了《零售商菲化案》产生的背景和主要内容;展示了《零售商菲化案》对菲律宾华侨零售商的冲击和在此背景下菲律宾华侨的悲惨命运,并对这段历史进行了客观理性的分析评价。一方面,菲律宾独立建国以后,为了发展经济,建设国家,必然要通过各种手段整合社会力量与有关资源。遗憾的是,菲律宾政府在经济危机面前,舍本求末,把危机转嫁在华侨身上,造成了20世纪50年代菲华社会的惶惑与动荡;另一方面,菲律宾华侨也必须经过一个转型期,才能更好地在当地生存发展。或许说,正是因为有了20世纪50年代的惶惑与动荡,才加速了菲华社会与当地社会的融合。     

马科斯下台是美国人背后捣鬼

7岁时因父亲当选菲律宾总统而一跃贵为“太子”;年仅16岁即以“特使”身份出访中国,拉开菲中建交的序幕;28岁时,父亲的政权被政敌推翻,被迫随父母流亡美国;回国不久便在政坛崛起,如今又要卸掉省长之职,竞选众议员……有人说,在菲律宾,经历过这一传奇式冷暖人生的,只有他——菲律宾前总统马科斯之子、菲北伊罗戈斯省省长邦邦·马科     

试论菲化运动对华人社会的客观正面影响

1946年7月,菲律宾刚独立,便出现一场近二十年、汹涌澎湃的菲化运动。菲化运动实质上是以针对华侨商业而在立法上采取歧视、排斥、限制措施为特征的经济民族主义运动。在这期间,菲律宾当局实施一系列旨在剥夺华侨从事各种商业经营权利的法令,主要有驱逐华侨摊贩的公共市场菲化法(1946年),禁止外侨(主要是占外侨总数90％以上的华侨。美侨不在菲化法律限制之列。下同)新设银行的银行菲化法(1948     

“受难时刻”:巴黎和会山东问题的裁决与威尔逊的认同危机

一战后期,美国总统威尔逊提出的威尔逊主义充满悖论。威尔逊试图通过"民族自决原则"来解决列强与殖民地的矛盾冲突问题,同时又不得不依靠英、法、日、意等列强的支持来实现他的国际联盟计划。由此导致威尔逊主义与列强的利益形成冲突与合作的矛盾关系。这种矛盾关系表现在山东问题的处置上,就是威尔逊无法在民族自决的道德原则与列强奉行的强权政治原则之间求得平衡。为了实现国际联盟,威尔逊必须在"道德"与"政治"之间作出艰难的抉择。结果,威尔逊的内心世界陷入分裂状态,并造成极度痛苦的自我认同危机。在山东问题的处置上,威尔逊为了国联计划的实现而放弃对中国的道义承诺,这对威尔逊而言是一个"受难时刻"的抉择。     

二十世纪初美日在东亚的竞争

1898年美西战争后,菲律宾这个西太平洋岛国成了美国的殖民地。 人们常说,菲律宾是美国通往亚洲和中国的一步。但当我们研究20世纪头20年东亚国际关系时,我们却发现与此不同的情况:由于美国与菲律宾之间横亘着浩瀚的大洋,由于美国的实力,尤其是海军实力还不甚强大,由于日本正咄咄逼人地寻求在东亚和西太平洋地区扩张势力,也由于菲律宾人民的反抗斗争,美国要巩固它在菲律宾的殖民统治不是一件轻而易举的事情,而自从美国占了菲律宾之后,对这个群岛的统治就成为它在西太平洋和亚洲的最大利益,为了维护这个殖民利益,它不得不在别的方面作出暂时的让步。美国东亚政策中的这种趋势突出地表现在美日关系上。     

美国进步主义视角下的1917年俄国革命北大核心CSSCI

在第一次世界大战前夕和战争期间,进步主义思想早已在美国得到发展,主要以拥护威尔逊总统内政方针的资产阶级改良主义者、右翼社会党人以及持更具批评性意见的左翼自由主义者为代表。在1917年俄国革命爆发后,进步主义各方代表们各持己见,表现出不同反应,这不仅在美国引发了对俄国革命的排斥,同时也激起了他们对俄国激进主义的必然性、有效性进行合理化理解的尝试,从而导致威尔逊政府在对俄政策的制定上发生了混乱局面,也对美国社会如何看待俄国革命的问题上产生了深远影响。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.