Europeanization as Discontinuous Adjustment: A Düsseldorf Court's Impact on Land Development Practice

Within the Single European Market, rules govern the procurement of public works contracts and concessions. While recent judgments by the European Court of Justice indicate that these rules could have a considerable impact on future land development planning, there has not yet been widespread Europeanization of local land development practice. In Germany, however, the Oberlandesgericht in Düsseldorf (OLGD) has ruled that European public procurement rules must be followed in those cases in which the land sold forms part of an urban development plan. This has had a significant impact on German practice, with the number of official publications of tenders for land sales by German local authorities increasing from 3 in 2006 to 100 in 2008. This paper analyses the arguments that have been put forward by the OLGD and their impact on practice. We also reflect on how Europeanization as the application of European legislation in urban planning contexts not only constitutes a form of supranational intervention in local practices, but also depends on local agencies drawing on European-level powers in order to have an effect.     

A God-Blessed Land

InTibet,theNyingchiareaisreferredtoas"Gongbo,"andthePeopleofNyingchiasthe"GongboPeople."Nvingchi,locatedinsoutheastTibet,bordersQamdointheeast,Nagquinthenorth,Lhasainthewest,Shannaninthesouthwest,IndiaandMyangmarinthesouth.Nyingchiisonthemiddleandlowerrea…     

Nyingchi-A Richly Endowed Land

As our car climbed over Millia Mountain, the air gradually became more humid, and shrubs, birch woods and oinewoods spread over the slopes, People coming for the first time would not believe this place is in Tibet.     

Land of RiceAnd Fish in Tibet

TheareasouthoftheYangtzeRiverisknownastheLandofRiceandFish.InTibet,thereisalsoaLandofRiceandFish.ItiscalledNyingchi.RICHLYENDOWED.Nyingchi,locatedinsoutheastTibet.bordersQamdointheeast.Nagquinthenorth,Lhasainthewest,Shannaninthesouthwest,IndiaandMyangmari…     

Zada Burab:A Holy Land

ZadaBurabisamountainvalleysandwichedbetweentheShiquanheNgari.WhenIwasthere,thenarrowvalleywasfilledwithcolorfulsutrastreamersflut-teringhighabovetCntsandcats.ItwasanoceanofPeople,whocameforaritUalwalkaroundtheholymountain.SomespuntheirPrayerwheels;otherst…     

New Life Comes toan Ancient Land

ＮｅｗＬｉｆｅＣｏｍｅｓｔｏａｎＡｎｃｉｅｎｔＬａｎｄ￥ｂｙＮａｍｇｙａｉａｎｄＮｏｒｂｕＳｏｕｔｈＴｉｂｅｔｏｒｔｈｅＹａｒｌｕｎｇＲｉｖｅｒＶａｌｌｅｙｃｏｖｅｒｓ１３ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇＮｅｄｏｎｇ，Ｚｈａｎａｍ，Ｑｏｎｇｇｙａｉ...     

Ngari──Land of Eternal Attractiveness

OnemustvisittheGreatWallwhileinBeijing,andNgariwhileinTibet.NgariisnotonlytheholylandforTibetanBuddhistshutalsoaparadiseforexplorers,mountaineersandtourists.-EdNgariPrefectureinTibet,knownastheRoofontheRoofoftheWorld,boasts4,500meters.Ithas305,000squarekm…     

Land Which I Will Never Forget

IwenttoTibetafterhavingfinisheduniversitystudyin1960.Duringthatperiod,IcametoknowmanyTibetans,includingmyhouselandladyandanoldmanwhoshowedmelovingcare.Ilostmyparentswhenyoung,anditwasthesepeoplewhobroughtmefamilywarmthagain.Ihavealwaysregardedthemasmykindparentsinmind.MYTIBETANMOM.IbeganworkingasaneditorfortheTibetDailyin1960.In1962,Igotanassignmenttocoveraruralstory.Itwasmyfirsttriptoavillage.IarrangedtolivewithanoldTibetanlady.Shewasverygladtoseeayoungwoman,andtreatedmewithgreatwar…     

Tibet Experiences Cultural Development

TheTibetanraceboastsabrilliantculturenourishedbyTibetanBuddhism.Culturadevelonment,however,tookplaceatasnailpacebeforethepeacefulliberationofTibetin1951.Howisittoday?Factsspeakloudandclear.MASSCULTURALACTIVITIES.Therearesixmulti-functionalculturalartpalac…     

Report Reveals Latest Development

The year 2001 saw theconvocation of theFourth National Confer-ence on Work in Tibet.From August to October 2001,we conducted an extensiveinvestigation and study in theurban and rural areas Wewere especially impressed bythe urban expansion in Lhasa,Xigaze and Nyingchi Even     

LHASA QUGONG:Ancient Brilliance of Snow Land

EDITOR'S NOTE:The author is a researchfellow of the Archaeological Research Institute ofthe Chinese Academy ofSocial Sciences. In thefive years from 1989 to1994, he conducted digsand surveys in Tibet. TheQugong Ruins are one ofthe sites where heworked, and bronzearrows found there showthey were produced andused some 4,000 yearsago, or during the reign ofthe 8TH Tubo King, asagainst the 2,000 yearswidely accepted in China.In May 1989, when I went toattend the inauguration ceremony fo…     

My Paradigm or Yours? Alternative Development,Post-Development,Reflexive Development

Alternative development has been concerned with alternative practices of development—participatory and people-centred—and with redefining the goals of development. Mainstream development has gradually been moving away from the preoccupation with economic growth toward a people-centred definition of development, for instance in human development. This raises the question in what way alternative development remains distinguishable from mainstream development—as a roving criticism, a development style, a profile of alternative positions regarding development agency, methodology, epistemology? Increasingly the claim is that alternative development represents an alternative paradigm. This is a problematic idea for four reasons: because whether paradigms apply to social science is questionable; because in development the concern is with policy frameworks rather than explanatory frameworks; because there are different views on whether a paradigm break with conventional development is desirable; and finally because the actual divergence in approaches to development is in some respects narrowing. There is a meaningful alternative development profile or package but there is no alternative development paradigm—nor should there be. Mainstream development is not what it used to be and it may be argued that the key question is rather whether growth and production are considered within or outside the people-centred development approach and whether this can rhyme with the structural adjustment programmes followed by the international financial institutions. Post-development may be interpreted as a neo-traditionalist reaction against modernity. More enabling as a perspective is reflexive development, in which a critique of science is viewed as part of development politics.     

Development of Optical Fiber Communication

TheTibetAutonomousRegionhasmademuchgroundinthedevelopmentanduseofopticalfibercommunicationline.August28,1995:TheLhasa-XigazeandLhasaShannanopticalfibercommunicationlinesopened.Afterfivemonthsoftrialservice,theywereputintoofficialoperation.TheLhasa-Xigazeopticalfibercommunicationline,thefirstofitskindinTibet,extends340km.ItcrossestheGangdeseMountain(whichisnotoriousasthe"forbiddenareaforlife")withanelevationaveraging4,000meters.Itwaslaidin38daysandnights.1996:TheXigaze-Gyangze(viaBainan…     

Tibetan Families vs Social Development

TheSocio-EconomicResearchIunstituteoftheChinaTibetologyCentercompiledandnublishedFOrtv-YearChangesinnbetanFamiliesinJuly1996onthebasisofageneralsurveyof100householdsinTibet.BETIERLIFEoldTibetfeaturedtemporalandreligiousadministrationoverafeudalserfdom.Mon…     

The Development of Tibetan Culture

ＴｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｉｂｅｔａｎＣｕｌｔｕｒｅ￥／／ＺＨＡＮＧＺＨＩＷＥＩＨｉｓｔｏｒｙｐｒｏｖｅｓｔｈａｔａｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓａｐｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｓｉｔｅｆｏｒｓｏｃｉｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｃｕｌｔ...     

Nyang River Valley: A Land of Arrow Songs

ＡＬａｎｄｏｆＡｒｒｏｗＳｏｎｇｓ￥ＡＩＮＡＮＰｅｏｐｌｅｗｈｏｌｉｖｅｉｎｔｈｅＮｙａｎｇＲｉｖｅｒＶａｌｌｅｙａｒｅｋｎｏｗｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔａｒｃｈｅｒｙ．Ｗｈｅｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｆｅｓｔｉｖａｌ－ｔｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂ...     

The Land ‘Wars’ in Twenty-First Century Patagonia

A front line report from the struggles between the First Peoples of the Southern Cone and the new extractivist paradigm. A prominent Patagonian journalist and poet reports on privatisation, state repression, and the offshoring of territorial and subsoil rights, as well as ongoing legal cases including the death of Santiago Maldonado and the detention of Facundo Jones Huala. Legacies of the “Conquest of the Desert” and a future Argentina without the far south.     

Tidbits of Socio-Econonmic Development in Tibet

ＴｉｄｂｉｔｓｏｆＳｏｃｉｏ－ＥｃｏｎｏｎｍｉｃＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＴｉｂｅｔＳＯＩＮＡＭＴｉｂｅｔ，ｔｕｃｋｅｄａｗａｙｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｏｆｏｆｔｈｅＷｏｒｌｄ，ｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｍｙｓｔｅｒｉｏｕｓｔｏｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ．Ｗｈａｔｄｏｅｓｉｔｌｏｏ...     

Scientific Development of The Three-River Valley

ArecentchancebroughtthisauthorandGyaibo,directoroftheThree-RiverDevelopmentOfficeofTibet.togetherinBeijing.Hecametothecapitaltoreportontheprogressoftheproject,andIwascarryingoutfieldworkasaTibetanjour-nalist.TheThree-RiverProjectreferstothedevelopmentofth…