“东井戒火”陶井正名及相关问题考证

东汉"东井戒火"陶井常为研究秦汉社会史的学者所引述。多数学者认为其释文当作"东井灭火",并由此认为陶井图案象征了汉代灭火的场景。实际上,经过字形的比较与考察,陶井的铭文当作"东井戒火"。"戒"与"灭"字虽是一字之差,却导致了图像含义诠释的较大差异。释读为"灭火"而推论得出的汉代社会史、火灾史,应进行重新的讨论。     

晚清南京消防问题研究

晚清时期,南京城内外火灾的频仍给百姓的生命财产带来了极大威胁。火油的普遍使用、节日用火疏忽、拜教燃火和歹人纵火是火灾多发的几个因素。扑救大火,主要有官方和民间两种力量,其中由城市士绅领导的水龙局在灭火活动中起到了关键性作用;但是,官府和驻防军队在维护灭火活动中的秩序,抢救受灾民众的生命财产中发挥重要作用。而且,官府保持着对水龙局的牢牢控制。官府可以直接插手水龙局的人事任免,裁决水龙局运作中产生的纠纷,也可以依据各水龙局在灭火过程中的表现给予奖励或者惩罚性的措施。在灾后,除了对"火头"采取惩罚外,官府也采取了诸多措施对受灾民众进行钱粮物资上的赈济。但是,在对遭受火灾的民众赈济问题上,当时好像并没有形成一个规范的制度和具体的抚恤标准。在踊跃救火之余,水龙局还创立了专为灾民提供临时居所的暂栖所。在火灾预防上,南京城实行了太平水缸制度。同时,南京城防火措施的实施也充分了发挥保甲组织的高效功能。     

张之洞欲建铁黄鹤楼

黄鹤楼蜚声海内外,在历史上却是多灾多难,屡建屡毁。清朝同治年间所建楼,焚毁于清光绪十年八月初四日,即公元1884年9月22日。初九日,《申报》对该火灾报道甚详：起因是“张姓骨货作坊失火,该坊本系草屋,因学徒执火油灯上小阁取物,失手将灯倾落,施救不及,遂至燎原”。灾情则是,黄鹤楼“付之一炬”。沿江一带“约共焚去二百家左右”。张之洞于1889年来鄂任湖广总督,想来火劫之后的名楼废墟应让他感叹不已。     

火的圣典——凉山彝族火把节

他们是火的民族,火的子孙,祖祖辈辈崇火、尚火、恋火。彝族的先民们认为火是太阳的延续,火象征勇敢、激情和光明。千百年来,火寄托着彝族人民对美好生活的热爱和向往。对他们而言,火是生命的起点,也是生命的终结。     

人类与火

人类与火贾卉人们常说“水火无情”,其实,火与人类有密切的联系和很深的感情。火是人类最亲密的朋友,是人类的恩师。从古至今,人类的生存和发展几乎一天也离不开火,现实生活中小到一根火柴,大到火炉、火炕、火车、火箭等等,都与火有极密切的关系。火有自己的性格。...     

湖南汉族崇火习俗

火与人类的生产和生活息息相关。在长期的的用火实践中,湖南汉族形成了丰富的用火习俗,并且产生了对火的崇拜。由于崇拜火,又产生了对火神的崇拜。湖南汉族火神崇拜的突出表现是灶神崇拜、南岳圣帝崇拜和火德荧星崇拜。通过崇拜火神,人们采用特殊方式表达了自己对火的重要性的认识、对火灾的忧患意识和祈求平安吉祥的美好愿望。     

火种神话浅析

人类从接触火、认识火的作用到懂得控制、使用火,经历了漫长的岁月。火的应用,使人类跨入了一个新的历史阶段。也就是蒙昧时代的中期阶段。恩格斯说:“从采用鱼类(虾类、贝壳类及其他水栖动物都包括在内,作为食物和使用火开始”,是这一历史阶段的基本特征。从科学技术发展来看,火的使用,标志着人类学会开发利用自然界能源。火的使用,促进了原始手工业的发展,使人类得以定居,开始了养畜和农耕。面对千变万化、神密莫测的火的事象,先民们     

锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗祭火祈福

正蒙古人崇拜火,视火为生命与兴旺的象征。他们敬火为神,在草原上,火神是诸神中最受尊敬的神。在每年农历十二月廿三日或廿四日,蒙古人家庭都会举行祭灶仪式,称为祭火节。蒙古人称灶神为"火佛",称祭灶仪式为"祭火",称祭灶节为"祭火节"或"祭火二十三"。祭火节的意义很像是汉族和其他少数民族的灶王节或祭灶节,只是关于日期缘由的解释、节日名称、节日形式和内容,有着明显的独特之处。蒙古人至今流传着"黎民     

简谈灯的起源和灯艺术发展

<正> 灯的起源和灯艺术发展,也和历史上其他事物一样,随着生产力的提高,社会的前进,经历了一个从无到有、从低级到高级、从实用到观赏的渐进过程。尤其那些丰富多彩的灯艺术,使我国灿烂的古代文化,更加锦上添花,在古代艺术史上写下了光辉的一页。 灯起源于火。可以推断,人类发现火后,在用火的最初阶段火灯不分,除用火防止野兽侵袭外,同时兼照明。所以我们在谈灯的起源时,最早可推到火的使用。我国用火的历史很悠久,远在170多万年前的云南元谋猿人已经知道用火。距今约五六十万年前的北京周口店中国猿人,不但使用火,而且知     

不灭的火种

佤族人民对于火,有着特殊的情感。过去,为了保存火种,火塘里的火长年不熄,而且每逢一年一度的“便克”节(火把节)前后,要举行一次隆重的取火仪式。过节那天,家家户户,灭掉旧火,换上新火,名曰取新火。我拜访了一位精通佤族历史和习俗的佤族老人,向他询问有关取新火的由来及其意义。那位老人先给我念了这样的祈祷词: 前人说/闪着星子的火,/散落在地上的火,/烧到根头的火,/是旧的火,/破烂的火。/旧的火,/破烂的火,/是灾难和不幸的根源。/因为这样,/我们才奉行     

Physics-based Simulation and High-fidelity Visualization of Fire Following Earthquake Considering Building Seismic Damage

This work proposes a framework for the physics-based simulation and high-fidelity visualization of fire following earthquake (FFE) considering building seismic damage. The seismic damage of regional buildings is simulated using multiple degree-of-freedom building models in conjunction with nonlinear time-history analysis. In parallel, a high-fidelity visualization is presented to simulate fire spread and smoke effects. A case study of downtown Taiyuan with 44,152 buildings is performed. The results show that the influence of different ground motions and building seismic resistances on fire ignition and fire spread can be taken into account and that the FFE scene can be displayed realistically.     

Using Pyrotechnology: Fire-related Features and Activities with a Focus on the African Middle Stone Age

Pyrotechnology was important in prehistory and has been a research topic for decades, in particular, the origins of controlled and habitual use of fire. The earliest putative evidence of fire use is from the African sites of Swartkrans (1,500,000–1,000,000 years ago) and Koobi Fora (1,500,000 years ago). In contrast, researchers working with European sites debate whether habitual use of fire occurred before 400,000 years ago. This paper provides a brief introduction to early fire use and then focuses on the African Middle Stone Age. Published evidence on fire use is available for 34 sites in southern Africa. Combustion features yield much evidence about human behavior, not only in regard to technical skills but also concerning social activities. Several activities using fire, symbolic behavior, spatial structuring, and group size in the Middle Stone Age are inferred from bone and lithic data, ash discard, site maintenance, and hearth size. The current status of knowledge on Middle Stone Age pyrotechnology demonstrates the benefits of applying new methodological approaches, facilitates comparisons with earlier and later archaeological periods, and is an important reminder of the benefits of a multidisciplinary approach.     

清代的消防组织与救火工具

清代的消防组织由属于官府的巡城官兵与属于民间的“水会”两大系统组成,行政、军事与消防的一体化管理是清代消防组织的特点。以现代人的眼光来看,清代的消防组织在管理与培训等方面已经具有现代科学化的某些内容。而纵观由太平桶到火烛车再到水龙所形成的救火工具发展的三部曲,我们也不难看到人们在与火灾进行斗争中的进步。     

Reaction to Fire of Existing Timber Elements Protected With Fire Retardant Treatments: Experimental Assessment

Fire safety is an important issue of building safety, especially when the building’s fire load contents enhance the risks of fire deflagration. When existing timber structures are involved, the most usual way to improve its reaction to fire is to treat wood with fire retardants. This study focuses on the surface protection of existing timber roof structures against fire, through the use of fire retardant (FR) treatments applied on site. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of FR treatments on timber reaction to fire, with a special emphasis on timber members with biological deterioration and previously treated with preservative products. The behaviour and effectiveness of intumescent and non-intumescent treatments was also investigated. The study showed that the application of FR treatments improved the reaction to fire of timber, even in the presence of previous preservative treatments. However, the choice of the specific FR treatment should take into account the substrate conditions. In addition, test results suggest that protection systems involving multi layers (intumescent and non-intumescent) with different functioning modes each are likely to have a good global performance on the protection of timber elements against fire.     

Rainforests,Agriculture and Aboriginal Fire‐Regimes in Wet Tropical Queensland,Australia

This paper challenges the hypothesis that Aboriginal fire‐regimes in the coastal wet tropics of north Queensland have been responsible for significant rainforest decline in the past, and rejects the narrative that recent rainforest expansion is the result of the disappearance of Aboriginal people and their fire practices from the area. Mapping of vegetation in the Mossman district in c. 1890 from surveyors’ plans, and in 1945 and 1991 from aerial photography demonstrates that the expansion of rainforest since 1945 represents a recovery following extensive rainforest destruction associated with sugar cane cultivation in the first 70 years of European occupation. Kuku‐Yalanji Aboriginal people continued to occupy their traditional lands, and participated in the sugar industry, throughout this period. They adapted their fire management practices to the changed economic and social circumstances. Management of fire by the Kuku‐Yalanji people prior to European occupation ensured the presence of extensive rainforest cover, whilst also providing access to fire‐prone forests and their cultural resources.     

Survey and Experimental Investigation of Movable Fire Loads in Japanese-Style Wooden Historical Buildings

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the movable fire loads and the characteristics of combustible materials in Japanese-style wooden historical buildings via field surveys and cone calorimeter experiments. Twenty-one historical buildings with 102 rooms and a total floor area of 2235.06 m² were surveyed to determine the movable fire load. Strong correlations among fire load density, compartment floor area, and spatial use are found in this survey. The mean values of the movable fire load density in decreasing order in terms of room use are storeroom (431.38 MJ/m²), study room (298 MJ/m²), bedroom (294.88 MJ/m²), reception room (287.20 MJ/m²), and dining room (217.11 MJ/m²), providing fire engineering design with a reliable fire load setting in various types of rooms in historical buildings.     

Performance-Based Vulnerability Assessment of Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Pre- and Post-Earthquake Fire

Post-earthquake fire can potentially bring about much more damage than the earthquake itself. Performing a vulnerability assessment for a structure that has already sustained damage in an earthquake and is then exposed to fire is therefore of importance. This paper describes a performance-based investigation in which applied loads to a structure are appropriately quantified. To do so, a sequential structural analysis is performed on the Life Safety performance level of a three-story reinforced concrete frame selected from a building. For the analysis to be more realistic, the slab is also included in the frame analysis through the concept of effective length. The frame is first subjected to an earthquake load with the PGA of 0.30 g followed by a fire analysis, using the ISO834 fire curve and the iBMB fire curve. The time needed for the structure weakened by the earthquake to collapse under fire is then calculated. As a benchmark, fire-only analysis is also performed for the undamaged frame. Moreover, the effect of thermal spalling is considered in the slabs. The selected frame is evaluated under various failure criteria such as load capacity, displacement, and rate of displacement. The results show that no failure is observed when the frame is exposed to fire alone, either when using the ISO curve or the iBMB curve under various failure criteria. It is also shown that while the PEF resistance based on load capacity criteria under the ISO curve is around 120 minutes, it reduces to about 95 min under the iBMB curve. However, considering the rate of deflection failure criteria, the PEF resistance is around 103 min and 75 min under the ISO and the iBMB curves, respectively. It is then concluded that in the PEF analysis, the iBMB curve is more compatible with the concept of performance-based design than the ISO curve is.     

Spatial optimisation of fire service coverage: a case study of Brisbane,Australia

In the context of changing demand for fire services, spatial optimisation of fire coverage has attracted little scholarly attention despite its potential to improve emergency response and to inform future service planning for fire stations. Drawing on small area population forecasts, this paper extends the application of the Maximum Coverage Location Model to compute and delineate the spatial coverage of current and proposed new fire stations to align with population growth estimates for Brisbane, Australia. Our results reveal important gaps in fire cover that are likely to emerge as a result of predicted population growth, the spatial patterns of which varies across the Brisbane metropolitan area. We draw on these results to delineate a series of new potential sites for fire stations to ameliorate the reduction in spatial coverage as a consequence of predicted population growth demonstrating the utility of our analytic approach for decision‐making and operational planning in the fire services.     

Bushfire,prescribed burning,and non-human protection

Unprecedented bushfire activity is increasing around the world. A catastrophic bushfire event in the Australian summer of 2019–2020 burned over 18 million hectares. The Australian bushfires were just one set of events among many across the globe. Cumulatively, the losses are extraordinary: from losing over a quarter of the Pantanal wetland in South America to California’s Sierra Nevada and losses in the Amazon Forest. Bushfire destruction means a concomitant loss of biological diversity. Increased fire activity and frequency can adversely affect adaptive capacities of flora and fauna. Accordingly, across the globe, fire management practices and mitigation strategies are under increased scrutiny. In this article, we consider the extent to which one fire suppression strategy, prescribed burning, takes account of non-human considerations. Our examination of policy settings provides policymakers with a way to account for non-human interests. Our focus is Australia, specifically relating to one national park within New South Wales. Across the world, fire containment strategies must be reassessed to decipher how well non-human considerations are placed to withstand changing fire regimes. With likely increases in bush and wildfire activity across the globe, associated with Anthropocentric climate change, there is an urgent need to account for non-human interests in prescribed burning policies and regulations.     

论罗马帝国消防军

罗马帝国消防军是奥古斯都统治时期建立的专门负责首都消防与夜间治安的准军事性组织。它的建立是奥古斯都对传统消防模式的革新,更是其行使元首权力、维护社会秩序稳定、巩固元首制的要略之一。消防军通过完善的预、接警机制,及时发现与扑救火灾,执行旨在抑制火灾发生的消防巡检,不仅提高了居民消防安全意识,更使火灾次数明显减少。消防军还结合夜间消防巡逻,维护首都夜间治安,在其巡逻下,罗马夜间秩序稳定。消防军是古罗马一创举,说明罗马帝国政府意识到保证消防安全与维护社会秩序稳定在促进社会与国家和谐发展上的重要作用。