A Newly Acquired Ancient Ship-model in Kassel, Germany

Study of the small clay ship-model T832 in the Kassel Museum suggests that it is an instructive document bearing on ancient Greek maritime history and folklore. A preliminary dating that has had to rely on iconographic and literary sources gives an origin in the 6th or 5th centuries BC and a tentative identification as a small coastal warship. Some suggestions as to the purpose and use of the model are discussed.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

关于中国古代海军史几个问题的再思考

哀公十年(前485年),吴徐承帅舟师沿海北上攻齐进行海战事,似难确认。襄公二十四年(前549),楚以舟师伐吴,是为史籍明确记载的第一次动用舟师的征战,但恐难排除此前已发生过动用舟师征战的事实,是故中国古代海军的产生(形成)时间,尚需进一步科学、准确论证。“海军”是个历史范畴,在不同的历史时期具有不同的形态,称谓也有所变化。中国古代海军的主要称谓有舟师、楼船军、水军、水师等。     

古希腊政治文化的生成基础

古希腊政治文化是研究现代西方政治文化的重要逻辑起点,古希腊政治文化以其对民主、法治、自由、平等等内在价值理念的追求对现代政治文化的形成和发展产生了深刻的影响。本文从自然地理、经济、社会和政治四个维度对古希腊政治文化产生的基础进行了探讨,力求从源头上对古希腊政治文化的生成环境给予全景性的呈现。     

古玺文字考释(十则)

本文对《古玺汇编》中的一些未识字、误识字进行了新的考释和辨别,具有相当的学术参考价值。     

凌家滩出土部分古玉器玉质成分特征

从凌家滩古玉的玉质成分可以看出,古人对“玉,石之美”的认识,主要依据玉石的外感而定。     

Ancient Greece: Recent developments in Aegean archaeology and regional studies

This review begins by defining the diverse field of Greek archaeology. Based on our own expertise, we focus on recent advances in the study of ancient Greece, especially the prehistoric Aegean, and on regional approaches, primarily those associated with archaeological surface survey. General developments in method and theory are addressed as they relate to several major topics: social complexity, Aegean chronology, writing systems, exchange, and regional studies.     

古玉之凤

由于时代精神和社会风俗的差异,历代玉器上的凤纹在造型、纹饰、艺术风格和制作技法上均有一定的时代特征。     

毕达哥拉斯:从人到神的演变——“古史层累”现象的西方个案探究

顾颉刚创立的“古史层累说”理论具有普遍适用性,不仅适用于中国古史研究,也适用于其他地区古代史的研究。本文以“古史层累说”的理论为指导,分析毕达哥拉斯从人到神的演变过程以及导致这种现象产生的背后原因,进而通过这个具体个案的研究,来论证顾颉刚“古史层累说”理论所具有的普遍意义。     

古村落游客感知价值概念模型与实证研究——以张谷英村为例

古村落旅游是一种特殊的乡村旅游、文化生态旅游。识别古村落游客感知价值的内在维度、探明古村落游客感知价值的来源,可以为古村落旅游发展提供理论支持。本文构建了古村落游客感知价值概念模型,并以张谷英古村落为例进行了实证研究。研究初步探明了古村落游客感知价值的来源,并且发现,古村落游客感知价值的内在维度呈三层次贡献分异,认知维显性化,情感维隐性化。     

Ancient hydrocarbon seeps from the Mesozoic convergent margin of California: carbonate geochemistry, fluids and palaeoenvironments

More than a dozen hydrocarbon seep‐carbonate occurrences in late Jurassic to late Cretaceous forearc and accretionary prism strata, western California, accumulated in turbidite/fault‐hosted or serpentine diapir‐related settings. Three sites, Paskenta, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek and Wilbur Springs, were analyzed for their petrographic, geochemical and palaeoecological attributes, and each showed a three‐stage development that recorded the evolution of fluids through reducing–oxidizing–reducing conditions. The first stage constituted diffusive, reduced fluid seepage (CH₄, H₂S) through seafloor sediments, as indicated by Fe‐rich detrital micrite, corroded surfaces encrusted with framboidal pyrite, anhedral yellow calcite and negative cement stable isotopic signatures (δ¹³C as low as ?35.5‰ PDB; δ¹⁸O as low as ?10.8‰ PDB). Mega‐invertebrates, adapted to reduced conditions and/or bacterial chemosymbiosis, colonized the sites during this earliest period of fluid seepage. A second, early stage of centralized venting at the seafloor followed, which was coincident with hydrocarbon migration, as evidenced by nonluminescent fibrous cements with δ¹³C values as low as ?43.7‰ PDB, elevated δ¹⁸O (up to +2.3‰ PDB), petroleum inclusions, marine borings and lack of pyrite. Throughout these early phases of hydrocarbon seepage, microbial sediments were preserved as layered and clotted, nondetrital micrites. A final late‐stage of development marked a return to reducing conditions during burial diagenesis, as implied by pore‐associated Mn‐rich cement phases with bright cathodoluminescent patterns, and negative δ¹⁸O signatures (as low as ?14‰ PDB). These recurring patterns among sites highlight similarities in the hydrogeological evolution of the Mesozoic convergent margin of California, which influenced local geochemical conditions and organism responses. A comparison of stable carbon and oxygen isotopic data for 33 globally distributed seep‐carbonates, ranging in age from Devonian to Recent, delineated three groupings that reflect variable fluid input, different tectono‐sedimentary regimes and time–temperature‐dependent burial diagenesis.     

乐府古辞与古诗十九首关系考辨

“古诗”之数,不仅十九之限,余见《乐府诗集》所收“古辞”之中,相与援袭,而存在一个共同的模仿对象,即乐府民歌。《乐府诗集》中《西门行》、《艳歌行》、《长歌行》等,当与乐府民歌相去不远,其主题元素广泛影响文人“古诗”制作;《西门行》一首尤为十九首中多篇祖述,而十九首之《生年不满百》为其改写。即此改写的言辞整练、构篇变化与音乐脱离,显见乐府歌辞向文人“古诗”的过渡,体现了后者的共同特点。究之“古诗”之作,并非“作者”的个体“创作”,而是展转相袭的共鸣抒写。     

Ancient DNA in human bones from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete

Attempts were made to detect ancient DNA (aDNA) in samples of 88 human skeletons from eight Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece and Crete. Ancient DNA was absent in specimens from Nea Nikomedia, Lerna, Karaviádena (Zakro), Antron Grave Circle A and Mycenae Grave Circle A. For each of three skeletons from Antron Grave Circle B that were sampled, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) gave products for nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA, but amplicon yield was low and inconsistent with replicate PCRs failing to give reproducible results. With specimens from Mycenae Grave Circle B, evidence for mitochondrial aDNA was obtained for four of the 22 skeletons that were studied, and at Kouphovouno evidence for mitochondrial and/or nuclear aDNA was obtained with eight of the 20 skeletons that were examined. We conclude that, although aDNA might be present in some Eastern Mediterranean skeletons from later centuries of the Bronze Age, it is not commonly found in material from this period and is likely to be absent from older material.     

中国古代科学家整体状况统计研究

用统计学的方法,对中国古代科学家从时间、学科、职业、信仰、出身等角度进行研究,可从宏观上得出他们的整体状况。针对统计结果进行分析后,初步得出了形成这一状况的原因。为中国古代科学技术史的进一步研究,提供了一个可资参考的坐标。     

海岱地区古代社会的文明化进程

本文主要利用考古资料就海岱地区的文明化进程进行探讨.着重就农业、家畜饲养业、手工业生产技术以及文字的使用、铜器的产生和城市的萌芽等文明诸要素作了详细分析,并与周围地区诸多古代文化的文明化进程进行了比较研究,得出了龙山时代已经迈入早期文明社会的结论.     

古村落旅游社区居民生活满意度及社区建设研究——以世界文化遗产皖南古村落为例

在市场需求与政府战略双重导向的推动下,古村落正日益发展成为国内重要的旅游地类型。本文以世界文化遗产皖南古村落为案例,通过对调查所得数据采用均值分析、相关分析和矩阵分析等方法,分析了古村落居民的社区生活满意度及其影响因素,提出了未来古村落旅游社区建设的重点和方向。分析结果表明：（1）住房条件、经济收入水平、学校教育、村民参与事务管理状况、社会福利和社会保障等是古村落社区建设与发展中急需改进的因素,也是未来工作中的重点建设方向;（2）村容村貌、道路交通、村内环境卫生、自然环境、基础设施、消防设施、医疗服务等是需要重点维护和完善的因素;（3）物价水平、休闲娱乐设施、就业机会、当地政府工作、公共休闲空间、文体设施等是可以逐步解决的因素;（4）与其他村民的关系处理、购物方便程度、社会治安等是需要不断维护的方面。     

评《古文字构形学》

The present paper is a review of the Morphology of Ancient Chinese Writing by LiuZhao and at the same time puts forward some ideas on theoretical problems of the morphology of ancientChinese writing.Firstly,the theoretical research on Chinese characters should be based upon thedeep-going study of Chinese characters themselves,and a good grounding in the basic skill for decipheringancient characters constitutes the necessary precondition of constructing theories on ancient writing.Secondly,theoretical st...     

论洛阳古代墓葬的特点

洛阳古代墓葬在中国各地古代墓葬中的独特之处:一是皇家墓葬多,仅葬于此的帝王就有七个朝代40余位,在中国历史上堪称最多;同时,在皇家寝陵制度史上,洛阳帝陵每每有许多创新开风气的地方二是贵族和名人墓葬多,与皇家陵墓互相辉映,形成众星捧月之势。三是平民墓葬同王公墓葬交叉杂处,具有公共墓地的特点。四是洛阳墓葬被盗严重,可谓是“十墓九空”。五是洛阳墓葬出土文物多,影响大,被称为是实物的、石刻的中国历史。     

从汉代铜镜纹饰看圆规在制图中的应用

通过对汉代的内向连弧纹镜的研究后发现,这种纹饰是古人用圆规分出的等分。进而对四神博局镜的背纹进行研究后发现,四神博局镜背纹中的几何纹饰也全部是采用圆规及直尺经过精心绘制而成。直至今日还可以看到,四神博局镜背纹中的几何纹饰,大都在某两条线的相交点上。从而说明,汉代的先民已具有了一定的机械制图水平。     

试论古代以色列民族的历史观——从资料构成、史书编集到观念的形成

与古代埃及和西亚诸国只留下编年体的历史记载不同,古代以色列民族具有自己鲜明的历史意识;与古代希腊充满人本精神的历史记载也不同,以色列民族历史观的实质是一神论的神权历史观.他们将对耶和华神的信仰融入对民族历史发展的思考和解释之中,其历史书卷的编写几乎持续了一千年之久,在这一过程中,以色列历史成为"历史就是耶和华神对以色列民族的救赎史"的生动体现.     

区域旅游发展的竞合模式探索:以苏南三镇为例

本以苏南三个水乡古镇的旅游发展为例,以提高区域旅游发展的整体吸引力为目标,提出主导旅游资源相似的临近地域旅游发展的“竞合模式”(C-C模式),试图对协调旅游空间竞争和空间合怍的关系作一探讨。章分析了竞合模式的内涵及其实施条件,并在论证苏南三镇实施竞合模式的可能性和可行性的基础上,提出了其实施竞合模式的三大战略。