腊八

农历每年的十二月初八为腊八,亦称作"腊八节",2016年的腊八为公历1月17日. 自古时起,腊八即是祭祀祖先和神灵的重要时节,民众在此时举行祭祀仪式,以祈求丰收和吉祥. 除祭祀活动外,在腊八当天,国人还有喝腊八粥的习俗.此习俗最早开始于宋代,每逢腊八,不论是朝廷、官府、寺院还是黎民百姓家都要做腊八粥.到了清朝,喝腊八粥的风俗更是盛行.在宫廷,皇帝、皇后、皇子等都要向文武大臣、侍从宫女赐腊八粥,并向各个寺院发放米、果等供僧侣食用.在民间,家家户户也要做腊八粥,除祭祀祖先,也会和亲朋好友一同食用.     

敦煌石窟腊八燃灯分配窟龛名数

1981年我在北京,获得敦煌石窟唐写本残經一段,长一尺四寸三分,寬七寸六分,糙米色麻紙本。共写經廿五行,每行廿七字,末三行空格,合計廿八行。无首尾,不知經名。背面用一张分配窟龛燃灯名数的手写单来衬褾,因浆水渗透,字迹黯淡模糊,并有残损,細看尚可大体辨識。单中記着"辛亥年"的干支及"十二月八日夜"的日期,(夜字只有半边看得清。)但没有写出紀元年号,从書法、語气和都头、押衙、僧政等称号看来,应該是唐代僧寺方面主持人的布告。按唐代的辛亥年有五个,即:高宗永徽二年(公元651年);睿宗景云二年(公元711年);代宗大历六年(公元771年);文宗太和五年(公元831年)和昭宗大順二年(公元891年)。这里所記是哪个辛亥,已无从証明。     

稠定人的婚趣

在哀牢山麓、红河岸边,居住着自称为“稠定”的哈尼人。他们的婚姻习俗健康有趣而又富有浓郁的民族特色和乡土情味,千百年来,一直在哈尼人中沿袭着。认亲认亲,是哈尼山寨的农村青年,在婚姻上真有点难为情但又必须经历的第一关。当十八九岁的男女青年相识并且情投意合而确立恋爱关系或者男青年的父母或亲戚看中某家的姑娘之后,男青年家就请村中两位能说会道而又办事隐重的媒人,到姑娘家说亲。媒人第一次去说亲时,即使姑娘和她     

阿法尔人的地炉饭

我从厄利特里亚首都阿斯马拉来到一个叫提奥的村庄。小村是座狭长的半岛,住的全是阿法尔人,信仰伊斯兰教,在厄立特里亚属于少数民族。     

一个古老村庄的岁末饭

金果综村是后藏白朗县的一个半牧半农的自然村庄,据九四年对该村的社会调查表明,全村共有40户人家和355人口。由于地处偏僻,交通不便,使这里的文化表现出古朴而独特的个性。在诸多独具特色的文娱活动中,笔者脑海里印象最深的还是夏季的斗牦牛节和冬季的全村岁末饭。在这里对岁末饭作如下简介。 岁末饭藏语叫作“古图”     

领导干部的一粥一饭

"一粥一饭,当思来处不易;半丝半缕,恒念物力维艰."勤俭节约是中华民族的传统美德,厉行节约、反对浪费是我党的光荣传统.在这方面,有很多同志特别是一些领导干部为我们做出了榜样. 杨秀峰:有人让我带着尚方宝剑来 我的老领导叫彭宝池,河北景县人,1940年参加八路军,历任战士、班长、排长、连指导员.1942年"五一"反"扫荡...     

出土简牍所见汉代的腊节

本文综合传世文献记载和出土简牍资料,对汉代腊节的日期、主要活动加以探讨,认为汉代腊节大致在冬至后的某个戌日,具体在哪一个戌日,西汉时未确定,东汉时定在第三个戌日。腊日前一天,举行大傩仪式,驱逐疫鬼。朝廷赐予公卿、将军、特侯、诸侯等驱疫逐鬼的道具。民众皆以桃梗、画虎之类御凶辟邪。腊日,祭祀社神、祖先神以及门、户、中霤,灶、井等神,自贵族皇室至普通平民,皆举家聚会宴饮。简牍资料表明,在腊日来临时,不仅朝廷要向中都官颁赐腊节所需的钱或物,地方各级官府也都按照级别,向本部大小官吏发放数量不等的钱、米和肉类物品,甚至边塞的官吏、士卒在每年的腊日也会领到官府分发的一定数量的肉或钱,戍边的刑徒也在分享之列。     

瓦腊纳西的恒河 天堂的入口

冰雪覆盖的冈底斯山脉东南坡,有蓝宝石般明净的玛法木措湖。相传印度教三大神之一湿婆神就在山中修行,并和妻子乌玛女神在湖中沐浴。     

姊妹节——五彩饭里的狂欢

农历三月十五日是贵州台江县苗族的“姊妹节”,这是一个古老的民族节日,起源于传说中的爱情故事,延续至今已有千年历史,被现代人冠以“东方最古老的情人节”。     

割麦

我非常熟悉割麦的感觉,"哗啦、哗啦"随着镰刀的一起一落,一抱子麦子晃动着麦穗抱在了怀里,往下坠着,沉甸甸的,一份收获的喜悦就会从心底油然而生。我总喜欢把麦捆     

Wheat in ancient Korea: a size comparison of carbonized kernels

Archaeobotanical research over the past decades has revealed that bread wheat of a compact form, called “Ezo wheat” in Japan, was present in the Far East Asian region (Primorye in the Russian Far East, the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese archipelago) during the early stage of wheat cultivation. In response to the previous observations, carbonized wheat grains from the sites in the southern part of the Korean peninsula were measured and their sizes were compared across these sites and with other sites in East Asia. The examination indicates that grains dated over the period of AD 100–600 were considerably smaller than the modern specimens but were plumper than the previously reported Ezo wheat. The new data sets suggest that wheat with plumper kernels was introduced to the region no later than the Three-Kingdoms period (ca. AD 300–668) and continued to be cultivated until the Joseon period (1392–1910).     

Saxon Emmer Wheat from the Upper and Middle Thames Valley,England

Abstract

Discoveries of Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat) on two middle Saxon settlements in the Thames Valley point to the re-introduction of this crop to Britain after the end of the Roman period. Radiocarbon determinations on charred glumes confirm the dating of the remains.     

20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易对中国的重要意义

1960年中国首次从加拿大进口粮食度荒,并由此改变此前的粮食自给自足现状。中 加小麦贸易不仅可以巩固粮食安全、促进农业改革,也可使中国重返加拿大与西方市场,使外贸渠 道多样化,同时还促进了中加建交、打破美国的封锁孤立政策。     

论两汉时代冬小麦在我国北方的推广普及

本文从最近出土的尹湾汉简材料中,找出了西汉 末年东海郡大面积种植冬,小麦的确切证据,并根据文献资料考证 了华北平原各地冬小麦已基本普及,而且在西汉中期以后推广到 关中平原,从农书所记冬小麦种植技术的进步也可以证明两汉时 代我国北方冬小麦已得到普及推广。     

论20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易的重要意义

开始于 1 96 0年的中加小麦贸易起因于三年困难时期 ,最初并未做长期打算 ,仅为能度过饥荒 ,但不久却变为长期贸易。这是周恩来提出的“以贸易为触角 ,先开展贸易关系 ,进一步发展外交关系”的思想的运用。以小麦贸易促进两国恢复正常贸易 ,并进而促进了政治关系的缓和 ,最终实现建交。在中加小麦贸易的过程中 ,周恩来还利用小麦贸易以及中加关系的改善来促进缓和中美关系 ,特别是利用小麦贸易中与加拿大前农业部长阿尔文·汉密尔顿建立起来的友好关系 ,请他来调解中美关系 ,不仅促进了中美贸易的恢复 ,也促使中国重返西方贸易市场。因此 ,中加粮食贸易对中国无论是政治或经济意义都很重大。     

论西汉中后期冬小麦在关中的推广

在农业发展史上,任何农作物的推广与普及,都离不开适合该作物生长的自然环境,但同时也需要技术与社会条件的推动。西汉中后期冬小麦之所以能在关中地区获得推广,不仅仅因为其具有高产、旱作的特性,还在于它适应了当时关中农业发展的需要,以及防旱保墒技术的完善对其推广过程中技术问题的解决。     

Price Dynamics in the International Wheat Market: Modeling with Error Correction and Directed Acyclic Graphs

In this paper we examine dynamic relationships among wheat prices from five countries for the years 1981–1999. Error correction models and directed acyclic graphs are employed with observational data to sort–out the dynamic causal relationships among prices from major wheat producing regions: Canada, the European Union, Argentina, Australia, and the United States. An ambiguity related to the cyclic or acyclic flow of information between Canada and Australia is uncovered. We condition our analysis on the assumption that information flow is acyclic. The empirical results show that Canada and the U.S. are leaders in the pricing of wheat in these markets. The U.S. has a significant effect on three markets excluding Canada.     

Laying the Foundations for the Wheat Scandal: UN Sanctions,Private Actors and the Cole Inquiry

Throughout 2006, Commissioner Terence Cole QC conducted an inquiry into the involvement of Australian companies in the United Nations' Oil-for-Food Programme in Iraq. The inquiry generated headlines about sanctions-busting behaviour on the part of AWB Limited and whether or not government ministers knew or should have known what was happening during the life of the Programme from 1996 to 2003. An element of the scandal that has received little attention is whether AWB Limited's behaviour was actually that extraordinary, given its status as a private company whose obligation to its shareholders was to maximise profits and which, had it not complied with the Iraqi government's demands to bypass the sanctions regime, could have cost the company a very important market. Drawing on the sanctions literature, this paper examines an essential problem at the heart of sanctions implementation; namely, that while states sign on to these international obligations, it is private companies and individuals that generally bear their cost. The paper considers legislative changes prompted by Commissioner Cole's Report but emphasises their limitations. A key and persistent difficulty for Australia and other states is that enforcing their international obligations depends on the goodwill and integrity of private actors.     

从冬麦生育期看明代长江下游地区气候冷暖变化

根据不同资料来源的冬麦生育期所能指示的气候意义,建立了该要素某一时段内连续的物候序列,以此反映明代长江下游地区的气候冷暖变化情况.分析认为:洪武初期、弘治、正德年间均为寒冷期;嘉靖至崇祯年间则处于回暖期,其温度状况虽稍微高于现代,但此时段的升温并没有改变“小冰期”的格局,明代整体上仍然呈现寒冷的特征.