The 14th Dalai Lama: Two-Faced

Whilethe14thDalaiLamaclaimstobe"seekinginternationalaidinorganizingpeacetalkswiththeChineseGovernment",the"Tibetanyouthcongress"isinserting"effortstowinindependence"intoitsresolutionsandissuingstatementsclaimingthatthecongressisamassorganizationindependentoftheDalaiLama'sgovernmentinexile.ThecongressisseekingindependenceandopposinganyeffortsforautonomywithinChina.Inthefaceofthissituation,the14thDalaiLamaexpressedregretatthemovesbythecongressandhasclaimedheisunabletopersuadethecongressional…     

17th Living Buddha Gamaba Visits The Hinterland

UnderthelovingcareoftheCPCUnitedFrontWorkDepartmentandtheCPCTibetAutonomousRegionalCommittee,the17thLivingBuddhaGamabao'gyainChilaiDojevisitedGuang-dong,FujianandZhejianginearly1999.Thiswriteraccompaniedhimonthe26-daytour.Therecentvisittothethreecoastalprovincesisactuallythesec-ondtriptothehinterlandmadebythe17thLivingBuddhaGamaba,whois14thisyear.Hisfirsttriptookplacein1994.Forthefirsttime,hetraveledbyplane,shipandtrain,visitingBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,ShanxiandSichuan.Thetripmade…     

The public life of the Swahili stonehouse, 14th–15th centuries AD

Houses are an important subject of archaeological research, normally explored through the households they contain. This has established a deliberately social agenda for the archaeology of houses, yet has had the unintended consequence of creating bounded worlds for study. Although household archaeologies explore the ways that households contributed to broader social and economic realms, it is rare to think through the public role of houses for non-residents and the larger population of the settlement. This paper seeks to explore this more public aspect of houses using the data from archaeology at Songo Mnara, a 14th–15th century Swahili town on the southern Tanzanian coast. This was a time when stone-built domestic architecture was first emerging in this region. The archaeology of the houses provides data for a series of ways that the house was at the heart of the economic and political life of the town, as well as demonstrating a spatial continuity between indoor and outdoor spaces. It is therefore suggested that the domestic and residential functions of the house for a particular household should be balanced with an appreciation of the broader world of the house itself.     

The ethnic classification in the late 19th‐century censuses

The topic of this paper is the ethnic classification used in the last three censuses of the 19th century, i.e. the censuses taken in 1875, 1891 and 1900. The aim is to study the content of this classification diachronically, based on new and supplementary evidence from the parish of Astafjord in the southern part of Troms county, northern Norway. This evidence primarily comes from the parish registers from one decade which, unusually, contain rather elaborate characterizations of ethnic affiliation. This feature of the parish registers gives a unique opportunity to check the corresponding characterizations in the censuses.     

The oldest evidence of painted furniture from Sweden – The 12th century chair from Suntak

The 12th century Suntak chair is one of the earliest pieces of furniture known from Sweden. A close examination revealed minute remnants of possible colour pigments on several parts of the chair. Chemical analyses of the pigments revealed the presence of several colours such as black, white and red. This paper attempts to shed light upon the identification and origin of the pigments as well as the time of painting. The original use and the setting of the chair will also be discussed.     

The 11th Panchen Erdeni Presides Over Abhiseka Rituals In Yonghegong Lamasery

Lamps lit up the hall,where religioushorns were blown as the 11thPanchen Erdeni reached theYonghegong Lamasery in Beijing.He was to preside over the Abhiseka ritu-als and give a blessing touch to the fore-heads of monks and worshippers.     

The analysis of two historic fired artificial stonewares: Coade stone (18th–19th centuries) and a recent discovery from Oxnead Hall,Norfolk (16th–17th centuries)

Coade stone has played a significant role in architectural and ornamental design since its inception in the early 18th century. It is well known that earlier, experimental, architectural stoneware products existed, but few of these have been studied in detail scientifically, and only one major analytical study of Coade stone has appeared in the literature. This paper presents a new spectroscopic analysis of Coade stone along with that of a newly discovered sample from Oxnead Hall in Norfolk where it known that Sir Clement Paston experimented with artificial stone in the late 16th century. The results demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate between the two variants on the basis of both the raw materials used and the different phases formed in their production processes.     

“Panchen Brings Us Happiness”——The 11th Panchen Erdeni in Sichuan

On the Khampa Plateau in June the green pasturelands stretch endlessly to the horizon and beyond. From the 12th to the 28th, the 11th Panchen Erdeni visited many places in Sichuan, including Chengdu, Leshan, Emeishan, Ya＇an, Luding, Kangding, Yajiang, Litang, Danba, Markang, Hongyuan, Aba, Ruo＇ergai and Jiuzhaigou. He also worshipped Buddha and met many people from Buddhist circles and numerous common disciples. The distance covered by his travels was 3,000 km. He passed through more than 10 counties in the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Sichuan, visited more than 10 monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism such as the Changqing Ker Monastery, Huiyuan Monastery, Gemo Monastery, etc., where, watched by many common disciples, he presided over Buddhist activities and gave out alms. He gave blessings by touching the foreheads of an estimated 70,000 believers, visited the new villages of herders and extended his best wishes to poor Tibetan families.     

Paleopathology of The Population of Krasnoyarsk,Central Siberia (Pokrovskiy and Voskresensko-Preobrazhenskiy Cemeteries of the 17th– Early 20th Centuries)

Published data on the paleopathology of Siberian populations are scarce. However, two samples of adult and non- adult skeletons taken from excavations at the Pokrovskiy (17th–18th centuries) and Voskresensko-Preobrazhenskiy (17th–early 20th century) cemeteries in Krasnoyarsk (123 and 204; 101 and 81, respectively) revealed cases of rickets, tuberculosis, and congenital syphilis in children, and vertebral tuberculosis and tertiary syphilis in adults. Trauma areas included ribs, hands, forearms, and tibiae. These two samples provide evidence on which to base an assessment of the health of the Krasnoyarsk population from 1628 to the early 1900s.     

Another Grand Event of Tibetan Buddhism──The 11th Bainqen Erdeni Initiated Into Monkhood

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The effect of parity status on δN: looking for the “pregnancy effect” in 18th and 19th century London

This study examined the effect of parity status on δ¹⁵N using the well-characterised 18th and 19th century skeletal collection from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. We tested whether the cumulative effect of multiple pregnancies and breastfeeding could significantly reduce female δ¹⁵N values compared to males. The results from stable isotope analysis of 92 adult ribs show that the population of Spitalfields had relatively little variation in diet, compared to contemporary urban populations, and had abundant animal and marine protein. We were able to rule out any effect attributable to socio-economic status, date or age at death on the stable isotope ratios. There were no significant differences in δ¹⁵N due to parity status, nor were there any differences between males and females. Models of collagen turnover rates in ribs suggest that the effect of δ¹⁵N depletion due to pregnancy would be undetectable except in ideal circumstances, where bone of the optimal turnover period was sampled, and in cases where multi-parous individuals died shortly after parturition.     

The “Weakened Spring of Government” and the Executive Branch: The Department of Justice in the Late 19th Century

Recent research on American government and public life in the late 19th century suggests that the extensive growth of the American state during this time did not necessarily involve a corresponding expansion of national authority or effective executive bureaucratic administration. Rather, the American polity was characterized by what Wallace Farnham termed the “weakened spring of government,rdquo; a government that “failed to use the powers it had.” This study examines how the late 19th century Department of Justice exemplified this problem. Despite increased personnel, resources, and responsibilities, effective law enforcement by the department was often frustrated by corruption, partisan political activity by department personnel, and by traditional reliance on local, decentralized responsibility for law enforcement. Examples of this were the attempts by the Justice Department to protect federal timber lands and enforce the federal election statutes in the south. Moreover reforms within the department were little more than “patchwork” efforts to achieve effective enforcement capacities.     

My Experience With the 10th And 11th Panchen Erdeni

Ithasbeen10yearssincethe10thPanchenErdenidiedofsuddenheartattackonJanuary28,1989inTibet.ThestupawasbuiltwithaCentralGovernmentallocationamountingto60millionyuan.BeforehisdeparturefromBeliing,manyofhisfriendsadvisedhimtopostponetheconsecrationonthegroundsthatTibetwasenduringafreezingwinter.Butthemasterrefused.sayingthatthetimingwassetaccordingbydivination.DuringhisstayinTibet,themasterworkedtirelessly.Hehelddiscussionswithlocalresidentsandlamas,inspectedurbanandruralareas,andblessedmanyfoll…