司马迁的地理考证成就拾零

司马迁的地理考证成就拾零吴起太史公司马迁不惟是中国历史上最杰出的史学家和文学家,也是一位伟大的地理学家。《史记》这部千古名著,博大精深,字里行间包容的地理知识至为广泛,除《货殖列传》、《河渠书》、《天官书》等典范之作而外,他的地理思想尚涉及到其它诸多...     

说《史记·货殖列传》中经济小区的数目

《史记·货殖列传》是司马迁关于中国历史地理论述的代表作，也是中国古典经济地理学的开山之作。在这篇具有划时代意义的地理专论中，司马迁依据从战国至西汉初的自然与人文状况，对全国经济地理进行了细致的分区研究。在《货殖列传》中，司马迁采用了两级区划方案，一级...     

《史记》“八书”结构辨析

《史记》"八书"是一个有序的整体,无论是从其篇目排序还是所体现出的思想内容都展现出了司马迁的宏观史学思想。此八篇从内容上可概括为正礼乐、协律历、际天人、理官民四个方面。对于"八书"构成的分析,有助于把握司马迁"究天人之际,通古今之变"的著述思想,也有助于了解"八书"在《史记》全书中所起到的作用。     

《史记·律书·历书》考释

《史记·律书·历书》考释刘操南中国正史在二十四史中,撰天文志、律历志的有十七史。《史记》首创八书,将《律书》、《历书》、《天官书》分为三书。《汉书》将《律》、《历》两书合为《律历志》。此后各志,有分有合。司马迁对于《律书》、《历书》两者关系有其观点。...     

司马迁阴阳五行思想辨析

阴阳五行思想盛行于汉代,并发展成为中国人把握自然与社会规律的基本思维模式,汉代知识阶层多受这种思想的影响,司马迁也不例外。董仲舒公羊学、家学传承及接受《易》学是司马迁阴阳五行思想的学术渊源;这种思想主要表现在《史记》五帝系统的构建、"八书"的内容体系和德政思想;司马迁阴阳五行思想的实质是推崇政治正统论、史学循环论及五德终始说。     

试论司马迁的天文学思想

司马迁作为一位伟大的历史学家和文学家,占有极其光荣的历史地位。千百年来,人们都公认他的不朽名著《史记》一书对中国史学和文学的发展具有不可磨灭的影响。其实,这种影响涉及到广泛的科学领域。比如说,从《史记》一书中反映,司马迁还是一位杰出的哲学家、经济学家……乃至自然科学家,等等。由于他在史学和文学上的成就过于光辉,以至他在其他科学方面的成就都被掩盖起来了。然而,当我们深入地来研究一些社会科学和自然科学的早期历史时就会发现,我们很难把司马迁及其《史记》抛开一边不予置理。特别从天文学的角度来讲,司马迁的贡献尤其是不可抹煞的。司马迁是我国古代一位伟     

太史公书何时以《史记》命名

司马迁的《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史。唐代刘知几《史通·六家篇》认为,《史记》乃司马迁本人自命名,此说有误。赵翼《陕徐丛考》、朱药《笥河文集》、梁玉绳《史记志疑）、梁启超《要籍解题及其读法）、王国维（太史公行年考）均有考证,并指出其错误,王国维举出（史记）中“凡七称‘史记’（实际应为十三称）,皆谓古史也”还列举双人称“史记’一词皆为古史籍的例子7例,皆不指称（太史公书》。司马迁本人自命其书为《太史公书）,见《太史公书自序第七甘）。凡百三十篇,五十二万六千五百字。两汉人多因袭这个命名,称（太史公…     

读史随笔四则

一《史记》三家注太史公司马迁著《史记》为未完成的杰作,其后褚少孙为补其未备,然其中犹有后人羼入的地方。司马迁本卒子汉武帝太初年间以前,可是书内有记载到汉昭帝时代的事迹,甚至有些后人伪托所作的假书,已失去司马迁著书本来的意旨。至于书中包括的内容和名物训诂,更难以理解,只有赖于《史记》的三家注来说明其事实和补证其缺误。三家注就是(刘)宋裴驷《史记集解》一百三十卷,唐司马贞《史记索隐》三十卷,唐张守节《史记正义》一百三十卷。这三家注也和《五经》一样,《五经》的注     

《史记》写作对后世的启示

《史记》位列二十四史之首,是司马迁的倾心巨作。司马迁创建的纪传体写作模式更为后世的史家所采纳,成为传统官修史书的写作体例。纵观《史记》全书,贯穿着司马迁的许多写作理念,如,批判地继承了先秦诸家思想、注重"人"的色彩、在写作人物时保持客观性、力求真实地反映历史原貌。分析《史记》的写作思想,对我们现在的历史写作亦有重要启示。     

试评《陈胜传》对《陈涉世家》的改动

班固《汉书》的前半部多采自司马迁的《史记》,有些篇章几率是原文搬家,“自高祖至武帝,凡六世之前。尽窃迁书”（郑樵《通志总序》）。不过,他也并非一字不批地复写影印,其间抑或有多多少少的增添删利。然而,正是在这些不起眼的字句变动中,披露了班固欧对《史记》正思想、核史实、究文字的主旨,宛如赵翼所言：K推移换之法,别见剪裁”（《甘二史札记》）。试以《陈胜传》（下称《传》）对《陈涉世家》（下称《世家》）的改动,权作全豹之一斑观。（一）、正思想众所周知,司马迁对中国历史上第一次农民大起义是寄予很高的热情和肯…     

Principles of Organization of a College Course in the use of Mathematical Methods in Physical-Geographic Research

The fundamentals underlying a proposed course on the use of mathematical techniques in physical geography are discussed. Four basic sections are: (1) a grouping of geographical problems from the point of view of systems theory, the various forms of cause-and-effect relationships in complex geographical systems, and the choice of appropriate mathematical apparatus for solving related problems; (2) the theory of models and the modeling of geographical research; (3) methods of mathematical formulation of geographical problems, and the potentialities and limitations of particular mathematical techniques; (4) problems relating to the data base required for the use of mathematical methods. Illustrative examples should be taken both from mathematics, to familiarize students with the applicability of particular techniques to geographical problems, and from geography, to analyze the prospects of solving a particular problem with different methods.     

Examining the Role of Geographical Proximity in a Cluster's Transformation Process: The Case of Taiwan's Machine Tool Industry

This paper examines the relationship between geographical proximity and a cluster's sustained dynamism with a specific focus on the role of geographical proximity in the transformation of cluster firms' production and learning organizations. Using Taiwan's machine tool cluster as an empirical case, this article studies the nature of various intra- and extra-cluster technological networks established by local firms to tackle the cluster's developmental inertia. In contrast to most recent studies that seem to consider geographical proximity less relevant to the sustained prosperity of incumbent clusters, our case study finds that geographical proximity continues to be a critical factor underlying agglomerated firms' capacity to maintain and explore diverse capabilities within and outside the clusters. On the one hand, co-location allows these firms and their coupled actors to experiment with a range of technological networks and organizational forms in the face of the changing competitive conditions. On the other hand, while the spatial boundaries of important technological networks in the cluster are not necessarily confined to the locality, we find that geographical proximity among networked members is the key to the emergence of and better governing over those crucial extra-cluster networks. In addition to responding to the call for empirical work exploring the relationships between geographical proximity and non-geographical proximity in knowledge creation and exchange, this article contributes to the cluster literature by providing evidence on the evolution of clusters and whether the advantages associated with geographical clustering persist over time.     

General Geographic Concepts

Following are fragments of a book devoted to theoretical geography on which Professor Smirnov, head of the Department of Economic Geography of Odessa University, was working at the time of his death in July, 1969. An attempt is made to formulate a system of general geographic concepts that would constitute the axiomatic foundation of geography. Several types of fundamental concepts are distinguished: spatial concepts; concepts of the structure and functions of geographical formations; concepts of simple and complex formations, etc. The present paper is limited to an examination of spatial concepts associated with geographical space, which is viewed as one of the general properties of geographical formations. Three basic spatial concepts are discussed: (a) the concept of group space, meaning the space occupied by a set of interrelated objects, as opposed to the individual space of a single object; (b) the concept of spatial integration of phenomena, implying causal relationships; (c) the concept of geographical commonality of phenomena, as opposed to the theory of uniqueness or local exclusiveness. The interplay of general laws and purely local relationships gives rise to a spatial field of interaction known as the geographical field. A geographical formation and its field of interaction may be centered, as in urban settlement, industry and other nodal phenomena, or they may be noncentered, as in rural settlement, agriculture and other spatially continuous phenomena. Other concepts are the area, shape, orientation and spatial dynamics of development of geographical formations.     

Geographical imaginations,public education and the everyday worlds of Fascist Italy

This article explores the phenomena of geographical imaginations and their seldom-noted promotion within various corners of Fascist Italy. Imagined geographies are socially constructed understandings of other places and regions and, as such, they are malleable, contingent, shifting and unquantifiable. Nevertheless, these imaginaries help us to navigate our imaginative worlds and our relative place in the material world. In 1930s Italy, various interest groups associated with the colonial and expansionist projects of Fascism promoted the development of wider geographical imaginaries among Italians. Academic geographers were often key figures in these initiatives: some prompted these projects, while others did so at the behest of the regime and its desire to expand Italians' coscienza geografica (the geographical imagination) to an ‘imperial level’. This article explores how academic geographers from Trieste sought to contribute to this project and to embed their geographical knowledge into the ordinary, everyday circuits of public life. The article therefore outlines the notion of the geographical imagination and demonstrates via case studies how Triestine geographers tried to nurture these phenomena. Finally, it suggests that, although elusive and amorphous, geographical imaginations were a feature of everyday life in some corners of Fascist Italy and, as such, they deserve academic attention.     

Teaching geographical data analysis: problems and possible solutions

Abstract

Conventional courses in geographical data analysis have major problems of student background, statistical validity, geographical relevance and intellectual inertia. An alternative approach, based upon the methods of data analysis advocated by Tukey, is proposed.     

The Leeds and Yorkshire Geographical Society c. 1902–17

The Leeds and Yorkshire Geographical Society was one of ten 'provincial' geographical societies in England and Scotland established between 1884 and 1910, of which five were in the North of England. It was conceived in about 1902, formally founded in 1908, but had ceased to exist after 1917. Virtually nothing has been discovered hitherto of the Leeds society's history, functions and contexts. This essay examines the evidence for its conception, inauguration, programmes of activity, and the broader local/civic, national and global contexts within which it operated. Its brief history sheds light upon: the need for commercial information to promote trade in an imperial context; the development of geographical thought in Britain and Western Europe; finally, popular curiosity about new geographical information and ideas promoted by geographical exploration and discovery. Comparison is made with the activities of other English ‘provincial’ geographical societies, particularly those in the North of England. The new evidence derives from papers in the West Yorkshire Archive Service Leeds, the archives and publications of the Royal Geographical Society, and the programmes of meetings promoted via the Society itself and the Leeds Institute, housed in Leeds Central Library, together with reports and advertisements in local newspapers.     

Communication and Distance in Collaboration between High-technology Enterprises in Northern Finland

New technologies affect economic activities, even to the extent that some claim they have lessened the importance of geographical distance. However, collaboration in product innovation creation involves various elements; therefore the development of technologies does not make geographical proximity insignificant. In this paper a study is made of collaboration aiming to create a product innovation between high-technology enterprises in northern Finland, especially the intertwining between communication and geographical distance. The study is based on interviews with managers of high-technology enterprises. The results indicate that while email and personal meetings are seen as important, geographical proximity also has an effect on collaboration.     

Geographical knowledge and scientific survey in the construction of Italian Libya

Studies of colonialism and imperial cultures have increasingly recognized the roles of geographical knowledges in European efforts to construct the colonial world materially and imaginatively. Simultaneously, the discipline of geography has undergone a thorough self-critique of its part in the constitution of colonial space. This article discusses the imbrication of geographical knowledges and colonialism in Italy, and especially how the production and circulation of geographical knowledges about Libya worked hand in hand with its territorial occupation and control. In particular, the article discusses the expeditions directed and co-ordinated by the Italian Geographical Society that were despatched into the Saharan interior in the early 1930s to produce 'scientific' representations of the region. The article examines the roles of geographical sciences in the construction of Italian Libya, but particularly how this performance of 'colonial science' surveyed Libya's populations and contributed to their classification as 'primitive' and 'Other'. These conclusions supported Italian authority in the region, but also reinforced the development of a 'colonial consciousness' among Italians as African space and peoples were rendered legible by European epistemologies.     

HASMONAEAN MODIʽIN AND BYZANTINE MODITHA: A TOPOGRAPHICAL–HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Abstract

The location of ancient Modi‘in, the hometown of the Hasmonaeans – as mentioned in 1 Maccabees and the writings of Josephus – has been in dispute ever since geographical–historical research on the site began. In this paper we explore the various possible locations for Modi‘in and propose a different geographical solution to the problem.     

Regional Journals in Geography: A Vision for the 21st Century*

Abstract

This paper (originally published in The North West Geographer, 1997, 1(1), 2–17)) contributes to the debate on journals in geography and the production of geographical knowledge by considering a hitherto neglected issue – the role of regional journals of geography. Initially, an overview is provided which considers issues such as the status of the regional journal within the discipline and its fortune relative to the changing concerns of geography in the late 20th Century. A case study of The Manchester Geographer then critically appraises this particular journal's contribution to geographical knowledge. Finally, and in conclusion, some suggestions are offered which it is believed would ensure that regional journals perform a useful and unique role in the production of geographical knowledge in the 21st Century.