民国士绅变迁与县志编修探析——兼谈志书官修

官与绅合作修志是我国方志史上的一个重要现象，也是我国志书编修的一个突出特点，还是我国志书官修的基本样态。民国时期，士绅阶层变迁与分化加剧，并逐步走向衰落，这对县志编修产生了深刻影响：修志倡议形式由双轨向单轨转变，编修组织形式由官绅合作以绅为主向官绅合作以官为主转变，修志体例与内容由袭旧到创新。官与绅力量对比的变化，以及士绅本身变迁与分化，都直接或间接反映到县志编修话语权和主导权的掌控上。民国士绅变迁不但影响着县志的编修轨迹，还影响着县志的样貌与特点，演绎着县级方志文化的历史。     

为发展广西地方志事业作出重要贡献的七十年--广西通志馆成立七十历程回顾

编修地方志在我国有着悠久的历史传统.广西编修地方志源远流长,早在公元265-420年的晋代就编有志书,以后各代陆续编修.自唐代起,朝廷修编全国<总志>或全国<一统志>时,往往要求地方呈送图经、方志,以备汇纂.志书逐渐形成以"官修"为主的修志格局.由于政府的普遍重视,明清时期方志编修呈现出比较繁盛的景象.广西的情形,大体与全国是同步的.     

从民国县志编纂成就看陕西社会近代化变迁——以《乾县新志》《中部县志》为研究范本

明清时期,陕西修志成就显著,具有学界公认的崇高地位,形成了优秀的方志编修传统。民国时期（1912～1949年）,陕西在方志编纂方面的建树同样值得重视。以代表民国陕西县志较高水平的《乾县新志》《中部县志》为研究范本,可以看出这一时期,陕西编修完成的县志在指导思想、体例创新、时代性、科学性、大众性、编纂手段等方面,体现出承接传统方志优长、开启新方志编纂先河的鲜明特色,在中国方志编纂史上具有不可否认的地位,其历史经验对当前省、市、县三级志书编纂工作有着积极的借鉴意义,而且,也反映了民国时期陕西在社会近代化过程中的努力与改变。     

为发展广西地方志事业作出重要贡献的七十年——广西通志馆成立七十年历程回顾

编修地方志在我国有着悠久的历史传统。广西编修地方志源远流长 ,早在公元 2 65— 42 0年的晋代就编有志书 ,以后各代陆续编修。自唐代起 ,朝廷修编全国《总志》或全国《一统志》时 ,往往要求地方呈送图经、方志 ,以备汇纂。志书逐渐形成以“官修”为主的修志格局。由于政府的普遍重视 ,明清时期方志编修呈现出比较繁盛的景象。广西的情形 ,大体与全国是同步的。到了 2 0世纪 30年代初期 ,新桂系主政之初 ,此时 ,距离清嘉庆六年 ( 1 80 1年 )编纂完成、由广西巡抚谢启昆主修的《广西通志》 ,已经过去了1 30多年。重修《广西通志》被提上了议…     

第二轮志书编纂应避免年鉴化倾向

<正>20世纪80年代初,全国兴起首轮社会主义新方志编修工作。进入90年代,有些地方志机构完成首轮修志任务后,启动了地方综合年鉴(简称年鉴)编纂工作。2000年,全国又兴起第二轮修志工作。在第二轮志书编纂实践中遇到许多问题,其中比较突出的是年鉴化倾向,已严重影响志书质量,引起方志界的关注。第二轮志书编纂为何出现年鉴化倾向,其表现有哪些方面,如何避免?笔者就这些问题谈点看法,以供方志同仁参考借鉴。     

“振士气”与“维风化”：光绪年间贵州方志编修述论

光绪年间贵州省内掀起一股新的修志热潮,共新修、续修方志24部。从编修背景与修志经过来看,本轮修志的直接动因在于全省社会经济逐渐复苏,各地区士绅民众“振士气、维风化”的社会需求日渐凸显。从方志内容来看,地方乡绅、团练、民众在咸同兵燹时期的功绩与事迹在其中占据较大篇幅,甚至影响了志书的编撰体例。这一批新修、续修方志陆续出现,与光绪年间贵州全省社会伦理秩序的重建有着密切关系,不能就方志本身进行片面评价。     

明清时期广州地方志编修特点初探

明清两代是封建社会地方志编修的鼎盛时期,期间所修地方志书,不仅数量大大超过前代,而且志书体例更加成熟,从总体来看,志书质量也相对较高。对这一时期的方志编修进行分析研究,从中梳理出一些规律性的东西,对于当代修志,当有所裨益。但由于条件及个人精力所限,难以尽览全国各地志书。本文仅对广州这一局部地区的志书编修情况进行解析,试图从中探讨明清两代广州地方志书编修的主要特点,以期为今日修志提供借鉴。     

地方官主持、社会各界参与的方志编纂模式——以清代皖志编纂为例

清代修志事业十分发达,地方政府高度重视,加强对修志的组织和管理,社会各界踊跃参与,逐渐形成了地方官主修,地方士绅和文人学者参修的一种模式和规范,从而保证了方志编纂的迅速发展和方志质量的提高。     

关于县级第二轮志书篇幅控制的思考

首轮修志存在不少问题。其中问题之一就是志书篇幅冗长,造成志书冗长的原因很多。控制篇幅问题,从新方志编修一开始就提出来,在中指组的层面还有过硬性规定,但在第二轮修志实践中,一些志书篇幅冗长问题依然存在。目前,县级二轮修志编纂、终审、出版正处于一个高峰期,控制志书篇幅的问题,应当引起正在编修志书者的重视和思考。     

清代方志编纂理论与实践——以清代皖志为例

清代是中国古代方志发展的巅峰,方志编纂理论随之获得很大发展。康熙、乾隆、嘉庆三朝,三次编修《大清一统志》,各地方志的编修普遍开展,大量文人学者积极投身于方志编纂,大大提高了方志的质量,同时方志编纂理论研究也趋于深入。清代方志编修者在修志实践中,提出了许多关于方志编纂的理论问题,对于清以前的方志编纂理论,既有继承,又有发展。与此同时,在方志编纂理论的影响下,清代方志编纂体例、方志的结构形式出现了较大变化,在承袭旧志体的基础上,开始综合运用多种形式,这种现象反映了志书编纂实践发展的新趋向。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.