宝卷与泰山后石坞：仪式文艺与信仰生活的互塑

《天仙圣母源留泰山宝卷》等四种宝卷是泰山女神碧霞元君信仰研究中未被充分关注的文本，已有研究多着眼于版本较多、流传较广的两种，而另两种稀见孤本也应予探究。首先，四种泰山娘娘宝卷体现出的稳定流传的“离家修行”叙事结构，其根源在于中国化的民间观音信仰方式，这是宝卷与俗民信仰生活深度绑定的体现，是仪式文艺源于信仰实践的又一明证；其次，作为仪式文艺的宝卷，并不只是信仰生活的被动反映和再现，泰山娘娘宝卷宣扬的叙事在地方传说中得到了延续，宝卷的叙事元素甚至直接促成了泰山后石坞“信仰标记物”黄华洞和白猿墓的产生。仪式文艺对信仰实践的反塑作用值得重视。     

河西宝卷的叙事形态与《沪城奇案宝卷》的启示性意义

宝卷这种民间通俗说唱艺术形式在叙事上既有文学神奇故事的娓娓动听、神奇迷离,又有抒情艺术如诗歌、音乐和曲艺等的重复性和一唱三叹的美学效果。这种美学效果是以散韵结合、以韵为主的方式叙述来实现的。在叙事形态上,宝卷,尤其是河西宝卷又具有初期民间艺术大多有的那种悲情喜剧、因果故事和神奇寓言故事的程式化特征。这是宝卷这种民间通俗说唱艺术形式在叙事上的显著特征。现代河西宝卷《沪城奇案宝卷》等的出现,接通了以现代意识利用旧形式发展新文学（包括通俗文学）的现代文学发展的动力源泉的新理路,也为现代民间俗文学的发展树立了可资借镜的榜样。     

明清以来闽西北的宝卷、图像与仪式

宝卷是唐、五代变文、讲经文演变而成的一种传播宗教的艺术形式。宋元以来,因儒释道三教密切融合,宝卷成为儒释道三教得以延展的重要载体。宣讲宝卷的仪式称为“宣卷”。自明代中末叶始,闽西北已有大量宝卷流传,宝卷与该地区的佛教、道教、民间宗教、宗族社会、地方神明祭祀等深具关联。本文试以田野调查所得之宝卷、图像、教谱等材料为基础,梳理该地区明清以来宝卷流传的实际情形,以及宣卷仪式与广大民间社会的内在关联。     

五路财神宝卷的文本系统及财富观念

清代民国时期五路财神宝卷的主要人物都是杜平等五人,其情节结构与明清戏曲小说的"谪仙历劫"模式一脉相承。依据杜平出生地不同,五路财神宝卷可分为诞生于杭州和诞生于朝歌两个文本系统。作为财神信仰的宣讲底本,五路财神宝卷中掺入了明清商书的内容,其中记录有货品名单、贸易路线、商业街市分布等商贸知识,具有重要的文献价值。这些宝卷体现了以人为本的财富观,在财富伦理中汲取了儒家、道教和民间信仰思想,具有丰富的文化内涵。     

神授天书与代圣立言:宝卷来源的人类学解读——以《香山宝卷》为中心的考察

宝卷是一种古老的、在宗教和民间信仰活动中按照一定的仪轨演唱的说唱文本。作为在宗教活动中演唱的文本,宝卷具有宗教经卷和文学故事的双重属性。不论民间宗教的刊本或民间流传的抄本宝卷,各种宝卷的作者都难以探考。因此,宝卷的作者问题成为重要的文化现象。《香山宝卷》的作者,郑振铎和车锡伦都曾经做过研究,没有得出确切结论。从文学人类学的视角,宝卷作者问题的背后是源远流长的神授天书与代圣立言的神谕与劝世传统。这种传统源于代圣立言的神话仪式。神授天书正好迎合了下层民众对超常知识、能力、寿命的渴求需要,充分利用了书面语言与口头语言的差距,以及这一差距所深化了的书面典籍崇拜心理。     

民间宝卷的抄写

宝卷可分为宗教宝卷和民间宝卷,其流通则分口头传播和文本传播。明清以来,刊印宝卷逐渐盛行,但宝卷的抄写,特别是民间宝卷的抄写也一直长盛不衰,传世宝卷在版本上以抄本为多。民间宝卷的抄写者呈现出多样化的特征,它与宝卷的宣演和流布联系密切。而民间宝卷抄写的流行,具有丰富的历史文化内涵,更与民间之功德意识直接相关。     

宋代闽南民间信仰——清水祖师崇拜

清水祖师又名蓬莱祖师、普庵祖师等,俗称祖师公,原是宋代的一名憎人,死后成为闽南地区有较大影响的俗神。而对于清水祖师是佛教神灵还是道教神灵,或者纯粹是民间俗神,从古至今所见不同,未有定论。本文认为,清水祖师信仰既非佛教也非道教,它是由佛教与道教融合而形成的民间信仰。     

图文并茂,借图述事——河西宝卷与敦煌变文渊源探论之一

河西宝卷是活在民间的敦煌文学,与敦煌变文在宣讲内容、讲唱形式上有密切关联.讲唱变文时,变文变相结合,图文并茂,借图述事的形式,在后世讲唱叙事文本中,诸如元杂剧、明清小说和河西宝卷中均可看到其影响存留之迹.研讨河西宝卷与变文渊源关系应予特别关注.     

牛津大学博德利图书馆珍藏宝卷考述北大核心CSSCI

宝卷与民间宗教和民间俗文学的关系密不可分,近年文史界学者对宝卷的整理和研究越来越重视。车锡伦编著的《中国宝卷总目》共收中国国内及海外公私藏书机构96家,收藏宝卷1579种,版本5000馀种,但是零落于欧美各国的宝卷仍有遗漏。笔者在牛津大学博德利图书馆发现一批宝卷,其中不乏珍品。这批宝卷的发现不仅可以窥见其在海外以及东南亚一带的流布、保存和刊行,而且对于民间宗教、民间女性宗教信仰等方面研究具有珍贵的文献价值。     

河西宝卷特征及时代价值探微

"]河西宝卷"是流传在甘肃河西走廊地区的民间宝卷文本及其念唱活动。其具有仪式性、民间性、地方性和创新性的特征。河西宝卷在当代社会具有丰富人们精神世界,滋养民间社会;构建和谐的家庭关系及作为文化建设资源宝库的时代价值。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.