Outsourcing local democracy? Evidence for and implications of the commercialisation of community engagement in Australian local government

ABSTRACT

Participatory governance practices are enjoying popularity, not least in local government. This is driven by legislation that requires councils to undertake some of these processes; also by communities and practitioners – parties that derive income from participatory governance. An industry is emerging: one characterised by demand and supply, with frameworks, strategies and processes, training and conferences. This industry warrants investigation so that its impacts upon local democracy can be understood. Following a theorisation of local democracy and community engagement, the paper describes the community engagement industry, presenting evidence about council activities, providers and professional associations to establish that the commercialisation of engagement is a significant phenomenon in Australian local government. Possible risks to local governance and local democracy are explored.     

日本城市规划中的公众参与

本文首先回顾、总结日本在20世纪50年代以后公众参与城市规划的发展历程以及社会环境、制度环境的变化,分析近年来公众参与城市规划的主要模式和特点,针对公众参与地区规划和城市总体规划这两种主要形式,深入分析、探讨组织框架、程序设计、制度建设等方面的特点和存在的问题。最后,阐述公众参与的开展对城市管理和城市规划体系的影响,总结日本公众参与城市规划的经验及其对中国的启示。     

感知社区关爱对居民持续参与旅游发展的影响研究——基于心理契约理论的视角

在旅游开发过程中,社区居民的持续参与直接影响旅游业的长远发展。文章基于心理契约理论视角,考察居民感知社区关爱对社区持续参与旅游发展的影响及心理契约感的中介效应。结果表明：①感知社区关爱对社区持续参与旅游发展具有正向影响;②经济关爱和制度关爱正向影响交易型心理契约感,关系关爱和制度关爱正向影响关系型心理契约感;③心理契约感正向影响社区持续参与旅游发展。研究结果不仅从理论上丰富了社区关爱、心理契约感和社区参与旅游发展的关系研究,也为旅游社区治理提供了建议。     

自然保护区的社区参与管理模式探索 --以九寨沟自然保护区为例

九寨沟自然保护区在实践中摸索了一套社区参与景区管理的办法：设立专门机构和利用社区组织对居民进行管理;建立多渠道社区居民就业和参与管理方式;组建股份制旅游经营公司;建立公平的利益分配机制等,这些经验具有实践上的创新和理论上的突破,具有典型性。进一步完善社区管理,需要进一步解决“公平”问题、加强社区居民“实质性”参与、重视区域的协调发展、建立就业培训机制。     

历史文化保护区旅游开发的社区参与模式研究

近些年来,为了充分利用资源发展区域经济和满足社会的旅游需求,历史文化保护区(尤其是古城镇、古村落等)纷纷进行旅游开发,演化成旅游社区。社区居民以资产、人力资源、社区文化等不同的社区参与要素参与历史文化保护区的旅游开发,获得不同利益,形成三种不同的社区参与模式。论文在对三种参与模式进行分析的基础上,对当前历史文化保护区社区参与旅游开发存在的主要问题进行思考并探讨其解决的途径,提出应激励投入增大总效用、认定和提高社区居民的分利能力以及构建\"社区参与\"的利益保障机制等。     

Reviews

Books reviewed: G. Garrod and K.G. Willis Economic Valuation of the Environment: Methods and Case Studies D. Pearce Economics and Environment. Essays on Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development A. Gilpin Dictionary of Environmental Law H. Lithwick and Y. Gradus (eds) Developing Frontier Cities: Global Perspectives, Regional Contexts A. Holt‐Jensen Geography: History and Concepts. A Student’s Guide P. Ayres Mawson a Life J. N. Rayner Dynamic Climatology: Basis in Mathematics and Physics     

Can 28 Days Make A Difference? A Case Study of Community Aid Abroad’s Community Leadership Program

As one of Australia’s largest and most active non‐governmental development assistance organisations, Community Aid Abroad‐Oxfam Australia (CAA) places development education and advocacy among its priorities. This study evaluated one of CAA’s development education programs to determine if a program lasting only twenty‐eight days could heighten participants’ awareness of social justice issues sufficiently to be considered successful. The research aimed to determine what participants’ pre‐program expectations were, and if after completing the program, participants believed that they had been changed sufficiently by the experience to become activists for social justice, thus fulfilling CAA’s stated reason for running the program. The study revealed that all participants had their positive expectations of the program met and all hoped, and most expected, to become activists for social justice in some way in the future. It was therefore concluded that, in the context of a development education program with a limited number of annual participants, 28 days does make a difference.     

江苏盐城海滨湿地社区参与生态旅游开发模式研究

社区参与是生态旅游的本质需求,社区参与生态旅游开发对实现盐城海滨湿地生态旅游可持续发展具有重要意义。本文分析了盐城海滨湿地生态旅游开发和社区参与的现状,对湿地社区居民参与旅游开发的态度和行为进行了调查,在此基础上提出了社区居民参与生态旅游的决策规划模式、经营管理模式、产品开发模式以及利益分配模式,并提出了居民参与旅游开发的保障机制。     

The collision of heritage and economy at Uxbenká, Belize

The relationship between the Mopan Maya community of Santa Cruz and the Classic period Maya site of Uxbenká in southern Belize has had a lasting impact on archaeological investigation and conservation at the site over the last generation. Community members, long the ‘stewards’ of Uxbenká, believe they have an economic right to the ruins that translates loosely into ‘ownership’. Although they seek to maintain the relationship between Santa Cruz and Uxbenká, archaeologists with the Uxbenká Archaeological Project (UAP) challenge the legitimacy of the community’s claim via the power vested in them by the state to conduct scholarly investigations at the site. For both the UAP and the state‐affiliated Institute of Archaeology, Uxbenká belongs not to one village but to all Belizeans. This paper is a data‐driven analysis of the interactions and expectations of community members, archaeologists, and the state as they interact within the archaeoscape of Uxbenká.