Avian Remains from Khonkho Wankane,an Urban and Ceremonial Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano

The urban and ceremonial center Khonkho Wankane flourished in the southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano region during the Late Formative prior to the rise of Tiwanaku as a dominant urban center. This site yielded an avifaunal number of identified specimens (NISP) = 631, with a minimum of 26 taxa represented among 539 skeletal elements or fragments. A total of 92 egg shell fragments also were recovered. The avifauna inhabited two major ecological zones: Lake Titicaca, its margins/wetlands and other water margins; and the dry Altiplano grassland (or puna). Lake/wetland taxa include Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo), Nycticorax nycticorax (night heron) and multiple taxa in the Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese, etc.) including Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean goose), Anas georgica (yellow‐billed pintail), A. flavirostris (speckled teal) and Oxyura jamaicensis (Andean ruddyduck). Also present are Fulica ardesiaca (Andean coot), Gallinago andina (puna snipe), Himantopus mexicanus (black‐necked stilt) and Charadrius alticola (puna plover). Puna taxa include Nothoprocta cf. ornata (ornate tinamou), Nothura cf. darwinii (Darwin's nothura), Metropelia sp. (ground doves), Athene cunicularia (burrowing owl), and multiple Passeriformes (songbirds, etc.). Taxa with a cosmopolitan distribution include Falco cf. femoralis (aplomado falcon) and Tyto alba (barn owl). Taphonomic analysis indicates that the avifauna were used in ceremonial contexts, including multiple Falco cf. femoralis burials, and for dietary and possibly tool‐making purposes. Other sources of introduction into the site deposits likely include natural mortality of taxa directly inhabiting the site area. These findings are compared to the avifauna recovered from the Formative site of Chiripa along the Lake Titicaca margin, which included a much higher proportion of lake bird fauna. At Khonkho Wankane, the importance of wetland avifauna may have been enhanced by the alteration of the local environment to include qochas, or artificial reservoirs/ponds, and continued despite reliance upon multiple domesticated plant and mammal species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mammalian Microfaunal Remains from Khonkho Wankane (Late Formative Period), Mollo Kontu (Middle Horizon Period) and Pukara de Khonkho (Late Intermediate Period) in the Bolivian Altiplano

Paleoecological and taphonomic analysis of the mammalian microfauna from three Bolivian altiplano sites is presented: Khonkho Wankane [Late Formative period; number of identified specimens (NISP) = 1019], Mollo Kontu (Middle Horizon period; NISP = 610) and Pukara de Khonkho (Late Intermediate period; NISP = 165). The following species, all of which are present in this region today, were identified: Akodon boliviensis (Bolivian grass mouse), Andinomys edax (Andean mouse), Auliscomys sublimis (Andean leaf‐eared mouse), Cavia porcellus (guinea pig/cuy), Chinchilla chinchilla (chinchilla), Ctenomys leucodon (white‐toothed tuco‐tuco), Eligmodontia puerulus (Andean gerbil mouse), Galea musteloides (common yellow‐toothed cavy), Lagidium viscacia (vizcacha), Neotomys ebriosus (Andean swamp rat),and Oligoryzomys destructor (destructive pygmy rice rat). Some direct human involvement with the deposition of some of the larger species (Cavia porcellus, Chinchilla chinchilla, Ctenomys leucodon and Lagidium viscacia) was noted, although C. porcellus was identified only from a single element from Mollo Kontu. Most deposition was likely due to natural in‐burrow deaths and other natural attrition of these species. No significant shift in environment during the occupation of these sites was detected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Graptolite fauna of the Hungshihyen Formation (Early Ordovician), eastern Yunnan,China

Ordovician graptolite-bearing strata in eastern Yunnan were deposited in nearshore, shallow-water environments. Graptolites are systematically described from three sections through the Hungshihyen Formation in eastern Yunnan Province, China: (1) Hongshiya section near Ercun village, Kunming; (2) Liujiang section, Luquan; and (3) Guihuaqing Reservoir section, Luquan. The graptolite fauna, characterized by the predominance of deflexed forms, includes ten species in two genera: Baltograptus turgidus (Lee), B. varicosus (Wang), B. yunnanensis (Li), B. calidus (Ni), B. enshiensis (Ni), Baltograptus sp. cf. B. deflexus (Elles & Wood), Baltograptus sp. cf. B. bolivianus (Finney & Branisa), Baltograptus sp. A, Baltograptus sp. B and Corymbograptus v-fractus minor (Li). A detailed morphological study of these southern Chinese graptolite faunas suggests that Baltograptus wudingensis (Li) is a junior synonym of B. turgidus (Lee); Baltograptus kunmingensis (Ni) is a junior synonym of B. varicosus (Wang); and Baltograptus triangulatus (Ni) is a junior synonym of B. yunnanensis (Li). The B. varicosus Biozone is newly recognized within the middle part of the Hungshihyen Formation, replacing the former Didymograptus deflexus Biozone. This interval is well correlated to the Baltograptus jacksoni Biozone in Britain, the Tetragraptus akzharensis, ‘Baltograptus cf. deflexus’ and Didymograptus bifidus (lower part) biozones in NW Argentina (eastern Cordillera), and the Acrograptus filiformis and Didymograptellus eobifidus biozones in northern Guizhou, South China. Accordingly, the interval is of mid-Floian age, rather than late Floian as previously proposed.     

Trying to Make Sense of Catullus 67

This reading is based on the assumption that the first five lines deal with the following three members of a Veronese family: (I) the younger Balbus (nato 5 identified by viro 1 and Caecilius 9), (II) his father, the older Balbus (parenti at 1 and senex at 4), and (III) the wife of Balbus the younger seen as the main target of the poem (the marita of 6 and, paradoxically, the virgo of 19); the assumption is that virgo is a reference to the sexual incapacity of a former husband from her time in Brixia. Badian's conjecture pacta (6) is defended, and two conjectures are proposed: incestus for illius (23) and quaerendu’ vir unde (27).     

Textual and Exegetical Issues in Vergil's Fifth and Seventh Eclogues

(I) At 5. 3 read considimus instead of consedimus, (II) at 8 certet instead of certat, (III) at 38 pupurea instead of purpureo, (IV) at 66 understand altaria as apposition to duas tibi, Daphni as well, (V) at 7. 5 take pares not as a predicative, but as governing cantare (‘equally competent at singing’) reflecting Theocr. 8. 4. (VI) Arguing against identifying Micon (29–30) with Corydon I take si proprium hoc fuerit (31) as expressing Corydon's own hope as a hunter, (VII) I modify the usual interpretation of Thyrsis' response (33–35), (VIII) find the idea that Thyrsis impersonates Galatea in 41–44 improbable and (IX) at 64 prefer the ancient reading Veneris instead of corylos.     

Book Reviews

Henry Bernstein and Tom Brass (eds), Agrarian Questions Max Spoor (ed.), The ‘Market Panacea’. Agrarian Transformation in Developing Countries and Former Socialist Economies Obadiah Mailafia, Europe and Economic Reform in Africa. Structural Adjustment and Economic Diplomacy Meine Pieter van Dijk and Sandro Sideri (eds), Multilateralism versus Regionalism: Trade Issues after the Uruguay Round Richard Grabowski and Michael P. Shields, Development Economics James M. Cypher and James L. Dietz, The Process of Economic Development John Harriss, Janet Hunter and Colin M. Lewis (eds), The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development Mats Lundahl and Benno J. Ndulu (eds), New Directions in Development Economics. Growth, Environmental Concerns, and Government in the 1990s Adrian Leftwich (ed.), Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice Patricia L. McCarney (ed.), The Changing Nature of Local Government in Developing Countries Michael Kaufman and Haroldo Dilla Alfonso (eds), Community Power and Grassroots Democracy Kim Scipes, KMU: Building Genuine Trade Unionism in the Philippines, 1980–1994 Isa Baud and Ines Smyth (eds), Searching for Security: Women's Responses to Economic Transformations Miriam Goheen, Men Own the Fields, Women Own the Crops: Gender and Power in the Cameroon Grassfields Ann Daniya Usher, Dams as Aid: A Political Anatomy of Nordic Development Thinking Idris S. Kikula, Policy Implications on Environment. The Case of Villagization in Tanzania Kenneth King, Jua Kali Kenya: Change and Development in an Informal Economy 1970–1995 Jürgen Rüland (ed.), The Dynamics of Metropolitan Management in Southeast Asia H. S. Geyer and T. M. Kontuly (eds), Differential Urbanization. Integrating Spatial Models Joshua M. Epstein and Robert L. Axtell, Growing Artificial Societies. Social Science from the Bottom Up Parviz Daneshvar, Revolution in Iran     

Book Reviews

Jonathan Crush (ed.), Power of Development John Rapley, Understanding Development. Theory and Practice in the Third World Ankie Hoogvelt, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World. The New Political Economy of Development Sing C. Chew and Robert A. Denemark (eds), The Underdevelopment of Development. Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank Barbara Stallings (ed.), Global Change, Regional Response. The New International Context of Change National Research Council, Lost Crops of Africa. Vol. I: Grains Barbara Harriss-White and Sir Raymond Hoffenberg (eds), Food. Multidisciplinary Perspectives Robert Cassen and contributors, Population and Development: Old Debates, New Conclusions Kerstin Lindahl-Kiessling and Hans Landberg (eds), Population, Economic Development, and the Environment. The Making of Our Common Future Judith Richter, Vaccination Against Pregnancy. Miracle or Menace? Tim Allen (ed.), In Search of Cool Ground: War, Flight and Homecoming in Northeast Africa Ans Kolk, Forests in International Environmental Politics: International Organisations, NGOs and the Brazilian Amazon Judith Randel and Tony German (eds), The Reality of Aid 1997/98 Marie Söderberg (ed.), The Business of Japanese Foreign Aid: Five Case Studies from Asia. Douglas J. Tilton (edited by Jim Cason), USAID in South Africa: Learning Lessons, Continuing Debates Ricardo Ffrench-Davis and Stephany Griffith-Jones (eds), Coping with Capital Surges. The Return of Finance to Latin America Robert Z. Lawrence, Single World, Divided Nations? International Trade and OECD Labor Markets S. M. Wangwe (ed.), Exporting Africa. Technology, Trade and Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa Amrita Chhachhi and Renée Pittin (eds), Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy. Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization Theo van der Loop, Industrial Dynamics and Fragmented Labour Markets: Construction Firms and Labourers in India     

Studies of Mestizaje

Assassination tango. (2002). Directed by Robert Duval-1. 114 min.

Dancehall queen. (1997). Directed by Rick Elwood and Don Letts. 98 min.

Daughters of the dust. (1991). Directed by Julie Dash. 112 min.

Little Caesar. (1931). Directed by Mervyn LeRoy. 79 min.

Saturday night fever. (1977). Directed by John Badham. 118 min.

Tango. (1998). Directed by Carlos Saúra. 115 min.

Tango bar. (1988). Directed by Marcos Zurinaga. 90 min.

Tangos: The exile of Gardel. (1985). Directed by Fernando Solanas. 119 min.

The harder they come. (1972). Directed by Perry Henzell. 120 min.

The tango lesson. (1997). Directed by Sally Potter. 100 min.

Ulysses's gaze. (1995). Directed by Theo Angelopoulos. 176 min.     

Critica (IV) some fresh conjectures on Horace: Epistles II and Ars Poetica

In this article I propose (1) to delete et at Ep. 2. 1. 46, (2) to read vati instead of vatem at 2. 1. 133, (3) his instead of hic at 2. 2. 84, (4) non ita longe instead of non ita pridem at Ars 254, and (5) to put a question mark after natura at 353.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era. Charles A. Kupchan (ed.), Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe. Jyrki Livonen (ed.), The Future of the Nation State in Europe. Peter Collins (ed.), Nationalism and Unionism: Conflict in Ireland, 1885-1921. James G. Carrier (ed.), Occidentalism: Images of the West. Omar Dehbour and Micheline R. Ishay (eds.), The Nationalism Reader. Juan Diez Medrano, Divided Nations: Class, Politics, and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Bernhard Giesen, Die Intellektuellen und die Nation. Eine deutsche Achesenzeit. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Peter Fitzpatrick (ed.), Nationalism, Racism and the Rule of Law. William R. Hutchison and Hartmut Lehmann (eds.), Many Are Chosen. Divine Election and Western Nationalism. Dawa Norbu, Culture and the Politics of Third World Nationalism. André Liebich and Daniel Warner with Jasna Dragovic (eds.), Citizenship East and West. Sukumar Periwal (ed.), Notions of Nationalism. Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation-State: the Rise of Regional Economics. Michel Cahen, Ethnicité politique. Pour une lecture réaliste de l'identité. Boas Evron, Jewish State or Israeli Nation. Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru. Moses Hess, The Revival of Israel: Rome and Jerusalem, The Last Nationalist, Questions, History and Causes. Bernard Lazare, Antisemitism, Its History and Causes. Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds.), Unsettling Settler Societies.     

White and Coloured Marbles of the Roman Town of Urbs Salvia (Urbisaglia,Macerata, Marche,Italy)

The results of an archaeometric study concerning the coloured stones and 14 white marble sculptures found in the ancient city of Urbs Salvia (Urbisaglia, Macerata) – one of the main Roman archaeological sites of the Marche region (east central Italy) – are presented here. Data show the presence of the most important decorative stones used by the Romans, originating in all of the Mediterranean provinces, from Egypt and North Africa to Asia Minor, Greece, Gallia, Iberia and Italy. Thirty‐one different coloured lithotypes have been identified, including red and green porphyries as well as marmor phrygium and numidicum, namely the four most expensive stones cited in Diocletian's edict. Crustae of marmor chium, taenarium, chalcidicum, scyreticum, lucullaeum and sagarium also feature. Another significant presence is that of coloured stones that are generally rare, even in Rome and Ostia, such as cipollino mandolato (which is very abundant at Urbs Salvia, more than anywhere outside Gallia), broccatello di Spagna, alabastro a pecorella, lapis ophytes, brecciated facies of marmor iassene and cottanello antico. Worthy of mention, too, is the abundant presence of so‐called Roman breccia from Lez (Upper Garonne valley, French Pyrenees), a stone never reported outside Gallia. The 14 marble sculptures analysed come from public and private buildings of the Roman city and are now exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Urbisaglia. Our petrographic and isotopic analyses show that they are made of Lunense (five), Pentelic (three), Parian lychnites (three), Thasian (three) and Proconnesian (one Corinthian capital) marbles. The quality of the coloured stones identified, together with the presence of sculptures made of precious imported white marble varieties, reveals an opulent town and a local patronage wishing to decorate public buildings and rich houses with the most sought‐after marbles of Rome.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Ronaldo Munck, Contemporary Latin America Carmen Diana Deere and Magdalene León, Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America Annelies Zoomers and Gemma van der Haar (eds), Current Land Policy in Latin America: Regulating Land Tenure under Neo‐liberalism Annelies Zoomers (ed.), Land and Sustainable Livelihood in Latin America Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (eds), Civil Society: History and Possibilities Rajesh Tandon and Ranjita Mohanty (eds), Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India Ha‐Joon Chang, Globalization, Economic Development and the Role of the State Yilmaz Akyüz (ed.), Developing Countries and World Trade: Performance and Prospects George Monbiot, The Age of Consent: A Manifesto for a New World Order Paul Kennedy, Dirk Messner and Franz Nuscheler (eds), Global Trends and Global Governance Paulette Goudge, The Whiteness of Power: Racism in Third World Development and Aid John Clark (ed.), Globalizing Civic Engagement: Civil Society and Transnational Action Julian Le Grand, Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: Of Knights and Knaves, Pawns and Queens Richard Robison and Vedi R. Hadiz, Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets Sara Oldfield (ed.), The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation Patricia L. Howard (ed.), Women & Plants: Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation Ernest Aryeetey, Julius Court, Machiko Nissanke and Beatrice Weder (eds), Asia and Africa in the Global Economy Jane I. Guyer, Marginal Gains. Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa Amanda Hammar, Brian Raftopoulos and Stig Jensen (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis D. John Shaw, Sir Hans Singer: The Life and Work of a Development Economist     

BOOK NOTES

Books reviewed in this articles: Aaron, Henry J. and Gary Burtless (eds.), Retirement and Economic Behavior Aaronson, David E., C. Thomas Dienes, and Michael C. Musheno, Public Policy and Police Discretion: Processes of Decriminalization Abdul-Rauf, Muhammad, A Muslim's Reflection on Democratic Capitalism Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Regulatory Federalism: Policy, Process, Impact and Reform Ball, Howard, Controlling Regulatory Sprawl: Presidential Strategies from Nixon to Reagan Bandyopadhyaya, Kalyani, Burma and Indonesia: Comparative Political Economy and foreign Policy Baranson, Jack, Robots in Manufacturing: Key to International Competitiveness Baumgartner, Thomas, and Tom R. Burns (eds.), Transitions to Alternative Energy Systems: Entrepreneurs, New Technologies, and Social Change Becker, William H., and Samuel F. Wells, Jr. (eds.), Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789 Bendix, Reinhard, Force, Fate, and Freedom: On Historical Sociology Benvenisti, Meron, The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Policies Brigham, John, Civil Liberties and American Democracy Chackerian, Richard, and Gilbert Abcarian, Bureaucratic Power in Society Clawson, Marion, The Federal Lands Revisited Dahiya, S. Bhagwan (ed.), Development Planning Models Diamond, Edwin and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The rise of Political Advertising on Television Eden, Robert, Political Leadership and Nihilism: A Sutdy of Weber and Nietzche Epstein, David F., The Political Theory of The Federalist Gawthrop, Louis C., Public Sector Management, Sysems and Ethics Ghosh, Pradip K. (ed.), Energy Policy and Third World Development Ghosh, Pradip K. (ed.), Population, Environment and Resources, and Third World Development Goldenberg, Edie N., and Michael W. Traugott, Campaigning for Congress Hanson, Royce (ed.), Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure Haskell, Thomas L. (ed.), The Authority of Experts: Studies in History and Theory Hofstetter, Richard r. (ed.), U.S. immigration Policy Johnson, Charles A., and Bradley Canon, Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact King, Mervyn A., and don Fllerton (eds.), The Taxation of Income from Capital: A Comparative Study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and West Germay Kirby, Andrew, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch (eds.), Public Service Provision and Urban Development Kresge, David T. Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. goldsmith, and Michael J. Scott, Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development Laband, David N., Foreign Ownership of U.S. Farmaland: and Economic Analysis of Regulation Lawrence, Robert Z., Can America Compete? Malbin, Michael J., (ed.), Money and Politics in the United States: Financing elections in the 1980s Meyer, Stephen M., The Dynamics of Nucler Proliferation Muns, Joaquin (ed.), Adjustment, Conditionality, and International Financing Nelson, Barbara J., Making an Issue of Child Abuse: political Agenda Setting for Social Problems Nigro, Lloyd G. (ed.), Decision Making in the Public Sector Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (ed.), The making of America's Soviet Policy Piasecki, Bruce (ed.), beyond Dimping: New Strategies for Controlling Toxic Contamination Pontell, Henry N., A Capacity to Punish: The Ecology of Crime and Punishment Rabin, jack, Samuel Humes, and Brian S. Morgan (eds.), Managing Administration Rivlin, alice M. (ed.), Economic Choices 1984 Spear, Joseph C. Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy Stewart, Michael, The Age of Interdependence: Economic Policy in a Shrinking World Taylor, Theodore W., American Indian Policy West, Darrell M., Making Campaigns Count: Leadership and Coalition building in 1980 Woolsey, R. James (ed.), Nuclear Arms: Ethics, Strategy, Politics     

Book Reviews

Nelson, Claudia Invisible Men: Fatherhood in Victorian Periodicals, 1850–1910 (1995) Bourke, Joanna Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War (1996) Sztreter, Simon Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860–1940 (1996) Bland, Lucy Banishing the Beast. English Feminism and Sexual Morality 1885–1914 (1994) Grossman, Atina Reforming Sex. The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950 (1995) Mitchell, Sally The New Girl: Girls’ Culture in England, 1880–1915 (1995) Tinkler, Penny Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing Up in England, 1920–1950 Johnson, Lesley The Modern Girl: Girlhood and Growing Up (1993) Giles, Judy Women, Identity and Private Life in Britain, 1900–50 (1995) Stanley, Liz Sex Surveyed, 1949–1994 (1995) Tebbutt, Melanie Women’s Talk: A Social History of ‘Gossip’ in Working-Class Neighbourhoods, 1880–1960 (1995) Zarnowska, Anna and Szwarc, Andrzej (eds) Kobieta i edukacja na ziemiach Polskich w XIX i XX wieku (1995) Bard, Christine Les Filles de Marianne. Histoire des féminismes 1914–1940 (1995) Reynolds, Siân France Between the Wars. Gender and Politics (1996) Fieseler, Beate Frauen auf dem Weg in die russische Sozialdemokratie 1890–1917: eine kollektive Biographie (1995) Quack, Sibylle (ed.) Between Sorrow and Strength: Women Refugees of the Nazi Period (1995) Wagner, Leonie, Mehrwald, Silke, Maierhof, Gudrun, Jansen, Mechtild M. (eds) Aus dem Leben jüdischer Frauen. ‘Welche Welt ist meine Welt?’ (1994) Frader, Laura L. and Rose, Sonya O. (eds) Gender and Class in Modern Europe (1996) Hill, Bridget Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century (1996) Faust, Drew Gilpin Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (1996) Morton, Patricia (ed.) Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past (1996) Copelman, Dina London’s Women Teachers: Gender, Class, and Feminism, 1870–1930 (1996) Garb, Tamar Sisters of the Brush: Women’s Artistic Culture in Late 19th-Century Paris (1994) Orr, Clarissa Campbell (ed.) Women in the Victorian Art World (1995) Willson, Perry R. The Clockwork Factory: Women and Work in Fascist Italy (1993) Pickering-Iazzi, Robin (ed.) Mothers of Invention: Women, Italian Fascism and Culture (1995) Cahn, Susan K. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport (1994) Cayleff, Susan E. Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1995) Berg, Maxine A Woman in History. Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (1996)     

AptŌΣ eΠiŌϒΣiŌΣ

In Polyb. 21,7,1–4 there are several words that are used in a particular sense not (clearly) accounted for in our dictionaries, notably LSJ. The words are: (1) πuρ?óρō?, device in the shape of a funnel used for throwing fire, (2) κημó?, receptacle in the shape ōι a funnel or basket used for throwing fire, fire‐basket, (3) αγκúλη, loop or case for fastening poles resembling bowsprits, (4) κōντó?, particular kind ōι bowsprit carrying a receptacle for fire (κημó?), (5) εμβōλń and παρεμβōλń, ramming through frontal, and front lateral, attack respectively, (6) εκταρ?ττōμαι, Med., stir violently and throw out.     

Book Reviews

Twenty Years On, special issue of Australian Historical Studies (1996) Carpenter, Jennifer and MacLean, Sally-Beth (eds) Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women (1995); Ward, Jennifer (ed.) Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 (1995); Goldberg, P. J. (ed.) Women in England c. 1275–1525. Documentary Sources (1995) Surtz, Ronald E. Writing Women in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain: The Mothers of Saint Teresa of Avila (1995); Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne Feminism and the Honor Plays of Lope de Vega (1993) Matter, E. Ann and Coakley, John (eds) Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Attistic Renaissance (1994); Monson, Craig A. Disembodied Voices: Music and Culture in an Early Modern Italian Convent (1995) Goodman, Dena The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (1994) Ruane, Christine Gender, Class, and the Professionalization of Russian City Teachers, 1860–1914 (1994) Dyhouse, Carol No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939 (1995) Bonner, Thomas Neville To the Ends of the Earth: Women’s Search for Education in Medicine (1992); Roberts, Shirley Sophia Jex-Blake. A Woman Pioneer in Nineteenth Century Medical Reform (1993); Leneman, Leah In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals (1994) Hartman Strom, Sharon Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern American Office Work, 1900–1930 (1992); Kwolek-Folland, Angel Gendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870–1930 (1994); Cohen, Miriam Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian Women in New York City, 1900–1950 (1992) Swindells, Julia (ed.) The Uses of Autobiography (1995) Alexander, Sally Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (1994): Davidoff, Leonore Worlds Between: Historial Perspectives on Gender and Class (1995)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed: Arnold Hermann , To Think Like God: Pythagoras and Parmenides: The Origins of Philosophy. G. R. Evans (ed.), The First Christian Theologians. An Introduction to Theology in the Early Church. Elizabeth A. Castelli , Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making (Gender, Theory, and Religion). Frederick B. Davis , The Jew and Deicide: The Origin of an Archetype. Lucetta Scaraffia and Gabriella Zarri (eds), Women and Faith. Catholic Religious Life in Italy from Late Antiquity to the Present. Anthony Kenny , A New History of Western Philosophy, Volume Two: Medieval Philo‐sophy. Joshua Trachtenberg , Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion. Charles Christopher Mierow , trans., Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa. Dianne Hall , Women and the Church in Medieval Ireland, c. 1140–1540. Matthew Levering , Scripture and Metaphysics: Aquinas and the Renewal of Trinitarian Theology. Maribel Fierro (ed.), Judíos y Musulmanes en al‐Andalus y el Magreb Contactos Intelectuales. Alessandro Barbero , Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Anne Winston ‐Allen , Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages. Theresa Coletti , Mary Magdalene and the Drama of Saints: Theater, Gender, and Religion in Late Medieval England. Anneke B. Mulder ‐Bakker , Lives of the Anchoresses. The Rise of the Urban Recluse in Medieval Europe. Virginia Nixon , Mary's Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe. Eamon Duffy , Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village. Robert Frykenberg (ed.) and Alain Low , assoc. (ed.), Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross‐Cultural Communication since 1500. Alister E. McGrath , The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation, 2d ed. Matt Goldish , The Sabbatean Prophets. Bernard Joassart , Érudition hagiographique au XVIIIe siècle. Jean Lebeuf et les Bollandistes. Correspondence. Presentation, édition et commentaire par Bernard Joassart. Michiel Wielema , The March of the Libertines. Spinozists and the Dutch Reformed Church (1660–1750). William Gibson , Enlightenment Prelate: Benjamin Hoadly, 1676–1761. Paul E. Kerry , Enlightenment Thought in the Writings of Goethe: A Contribution to the History of Ideas. John Harvey (ed.). Edmund Jones, The Appearance of Evil: Apparitions of Spirits in Wales. Roger Lee Brown (ed.), The Letters of Edward Copleston, Bishop of Llandaff, 1828–1849. R. Tudor Jones , Congregationalism in Wales. R. Tudor Jones , Faith and the Crisis of a Nation: Wales 1890–1914. Raymond Brady Williams , Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration. Lawrence Rigel and Rosita Rosenberg , Liberal Judaism: The First Hundred Years. Daniel Carey (ed.), Asian Travel in the Renaissance. Maria Hsia Chang , Falun Gong: The End of Days. Heinz Halm , Shi ‘ism. Adrian Hastings , Alistair Mason , and Hugh Pyper (eds), Christian Thought: A Brief History. Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells (eds), The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics. Alister E. McGrath , Theology: The Basics. Margaret Miles , The Word Made Flesh. A History of Christian Thought. Gareth Jones (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Modern Theology. Jack Goody , Islam in Europe. Robert Haight , Christian Community in History: Vol. 1, Historical Ecclesiology. Alister E. McGrath and Darren C. Marks (eds), The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism. John Marston and Elizabeth Guthrie (eds), History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia. Jorgen Nielson , Muslims in Western Europe. John David Dawson , Christian Figural Reading and the Fashioning of Identity. Nils Holger Petersen , Mette Birkedal Bruun , Jeremy Llewellyn , and Eyolf Østrem (eds), The Appearances of Medieval Rituals: The Play of Construction and Modification.     

THE COLOURED TESSERAE DECORATING THE VAULTS OF THE FARAGOLA BALNEUM (ASCOLI SATRIANO,FOGGIA, SOUTHERN ITALY)

Twenty‐six tesserae (red, orange, yellow, light amber, green, blue and white) from the balneum of the villa at Faragola (Ascoli Satriano, Foggia) have been examined by colorimetry, ICP–MS, ICP–OES and SEM–EDS. Different types of calcareous sands have been used as the source of silica (network former), also providing the stabilizing agent. A natron‐type soda source served as the network modifier; however, the use of a sodium‐rich plant ash and the recycling process have been hypothesized for the production of two tesserae (FT 1 red and FT 3 orange). The colouring and opacifying agents were Cu oxide (cuprite, orange), metallic copper (red), Pb antimonates (yellow), Ca antimonates (white), a mixture of copper (Cu²⁺) and Pb antimonates (green), a mixture of cobalt (Co²⁺) or copper (Cu²⁺) and Ca antimonates (blue). The light amber tesserae should owe their colour to iron (Fe³⁺) alone or associated with sulphide (S^2?) and Ca antimonates. It is likely that the Faragola tesserae were locally produced in a secondary glass workshop.     

Analysis of Plant Microfossils in Early European Latrine Fills from Russell,Northern New Zealand

Microfossil analysis of latrine fills from the early European (1830s) settlement of Russell, northern New Zealand, provides direct evidence for diet. Microfossils identified include pollen of maize (Zea mays), Brassicaceae (e.g., mustard, broccoli), Allium type (e.g., onion) and mint (Mentha), and starch grains of maize and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Wetland microfossils (pollen and algal spores) provide clues to source and quality of drinking water.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: J.E. Hobbs, J.A. Lindesay and H.A. Bridgman (eds) Climates of the Southern Continents: Present, Past and Future K. Dodds Geopolitics in Antarctica: Views from the Southern Oceanic Rim H.D. Foster, D.C. Lai and N. Zhou (eds) The Dragon’s Head: Shanghai, China’s Emerging Megacity R. Hall and J.D. Holloway (eds) Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia A.J. Conacher and M. Sala (eds) Land Degradation in Mediterranean Environments of the World: Nature and Extent, Causes and Solutions G. Tansey and J. D’Silva (eds), The Meat Business Devouring a Hungry Planet J.B. Kirkpatrick A Continent Transformed: Human Impact on the Natural Vegetation of Australia J.S. Duncan and D.J. Gregory (eds) Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing R. Le Heron, L. Murphy, P. Forer and M. Goldstone (eds) Explorations in Human Geography: Encountering Place J. Overton and R. Scheyvens (eds) Strategies for Sustainable Development: Experiences from the Pacific R. Harding and E. Fisher (eds) Perspectives on the Precautionary Principle E. Darier (ed.) Discourses of the Environment S. Body‐Gendrot The Social Control of Cities? A Comparative Perspective M.J. Dear The Postmodern Urban Condition