钱穆的历史本体“心性论”初探——钱穆民族文化生命史观疏论

在中国近现代史学家中,以传统文化为根基和本位建立了一套系统和完整的史学思想体系的,钱穆是最重要的史学家。而他的历史观“民族文化生命史观”既是其整个史学思想的基石,又是其研究中国历史文化的方法论原则。因此,研究钱穆的历史观是研究其史学思想和史学实践的出发点和立足点。本文拟对其历史观何以称为“民族文化生命史观”及其历史本体思想,作一初步的疏论。     

社会变动中的群体与个人——新微观史学述评

第二次世界大战以来,西方“新史学”取得了令人瞩目的成就,其研究的范围涵盖了社会的各个方面,深入到社会史的各个领域,其史学思想对各国史学研究都具有广泛的影响。随着时间的推移,“新史学”本身亦综合发展,其包容度日益扩大,产生了诸如计量史学、即时史学、历史人类学、心态史学等不同的研究方法,其中心态史学占有重要的地位,法国名心态史学家伏维尔甚至称心态史学为“长时段的优势领域”。70年代后半期至80年代的心态史学中,     

戴名世的史学思想

戴名世兼古与历史二家于一身,本对其史的一面进行了探讨。章介绍了戴氏的史学理论,突出了其甄别资料的“论世”之说及其对良史产生与“上之所重”的关系的见解;概述了他的史学作的基本内容、艺术成就和史学贡献;分析了他对于“义”,对于“势”,对于明末农民军,对于明朝灭亡的原因等一系列重大问题的认识以及他的民族思想,揭示了戴氏的历史观。章还将其古特色与其史学思想沟通起来,认为形成戴氏古愤世疾俗的风格的深层次原因是其民族思想。     

2002年中国史学史研究概览

本年度史学史研究的重要成果是吴怀祺先生主编的《中国史学思想通史》多卷本陆续问世。这套丛书由黄山书社出版发行 ,已经刊出宋辽金卷 (吴怀祺著 )、元代卷 (周少川著 )、明代卷 (向燕南著 )和清代卷 (王记录著 )。四卷著作的共同特点是注重史学与社会 ,史学与时代 ,史学与学术的关系。如宋代卷中的“宋代社会、学术与文学思想” ,元代卷中“元代理学对史学思想的影响”、“元代史学思想的时代特征” ,明代卷中“明前期政治文化发展特点与史学思想” ,清代卷中“汉学、宋学与清代史学思想”等章节的设立都反映了作者的这种认识所在。本年度…     

论章开沅史学思想的特质

2021年5月辞世的著名史学家章开沅,是新中国培养的马克思主义历史学者的代表人物之一。其史观和史学思想值得总结。除却具体的历史研究及其学术贡献,章开沅史学思想中有四个独特的观念和特质：“别识心裁”的史识、“贯穴融铸”的通识、“学者人格”的史德和“因诗悟史”的史感。这四个方面的观念与特质,是章开沅在马克思主义唯物史观指导下,融合中外古今史学思想而形成的具有自身特色的史观,也是释读章开沅丰硕史学成果的钥匙。     

在解构与重建之间——艾伦·蒙斯洛的史学理论与实践

作为时任《反思历史：理论与实践杂志》二十年的主编,艾伦·蒙斯洛在海登·怀特和凯斯·詹金斯等人思想的影响之下,于20世纪80-90年代转向史学理论研究,成为后现代史学理论的重要实践者。他一方面质疑传统史学的经验主义认识论原则,指出重构论与建构论之间的区别与联系,从而提出其解构论的思想主张;另一方面,他并不否认过去的客观性,试图运用后认识论的方式重新接触过去,以期重建当下史学理论和历史研究实践的基础。从蒙斯洛解构史学的发展脉络观察,他以“作为历史的过去”“永恒的当下”与“作者-历史学家”为当代史学理论的话语建设提供了某些实验性的新路径,这也体现在其史学实践之中。     

荀悦《汉纪》在史论方面的特点及其历史地位

自从《左传》有“君子曰”,《史记》有“太史公曰”,史书而有评论,即成为我国古代史学的一个重要传统。历代的史学家们,都十分重视史论的撰写。一部史书的史论,往往是其作者写人记事的点睛之笔,是其史学思想和政治思想的集中反映。我国古代史学,如同他在史料编纂方面有其特点,有其发展过程一样,在史论撰写方面,也有其特     

钱谦益史学思想评述

钱谦益史学思想,在明清时期史学思想中占有重要地位。其特色之一是援“经”入“史”,即以经学为辅助手段,通过经史之辨以求史,此实为清代史家治史之一重要方法,钱氏实开此学术风气之先驱。特色之二是对于“时学”加以批判。钱氏对“时学”之批判,乃与当时国运联系起来,实欲以学术救治社会。钱氏史学贡献甚大,治史莫可偏废。     

论科学主义史学与民族主义史学的融合——由钱穆对“科学派”的批评展开

钱穆在《国史大纲·引论》中,立足于民族主义的立场,批评以胡适、顾颉刚和傅斯年为代表的“科学派”所为,乃一种追求纯粹客观却不关现实亦无意义的史学研究。钱穆只看到此派科学主义史学的一面而忽视了其民族主义史学的一面,因而其所谓“科学派”是一种以偏概全的说法,不是一个完整的判断。同时,钱穆忽视了科学主义史学的价值与意义,亦未正视他自己在治史早期追随“科学派”时表现出来的科学主义倾向。基于历时性考察,作为现代性观念在历史学中的两种不同表现,科学主义史学与民族主义史学是融合共存于钱穆与“科学派”的著作中的。从这种融合的视角看,钱穆与被其批评的“科学派”在治史理念上同属现代史学的范畴,皆强调史学研究目标之致用与求真的结合,二者在史学思想上“大同而小异”。     

中西历史之“会通”与中国史学的转向

晚清知识界分别“新学”与“旧学”,相应地也区分了“中史”与“西史”。在这样的背景下展开的中西历史之“会通”,影响着中国史学的转向。史学之走向“中心”,乃“经世致用”思想所催生;在“援西入中”过程中,“史学”作为西学的重要组成部分得到阐述。经历这些曲折,“史之意义与范围”等明显含有学科意识的问题为史家所关注。然而,史学学科的自主性,在史之范围愈益放大的同时,却成了问题,预示着史学作为现代学科在中国之确立,仍有其“未完成性”的一面。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.