Recent British research on prehistoric territorial boundaries

The British Isles are very rich, compared to the rest of Europe, in prehistoric boundary earthworks. There are difficulties in deducing prehistoric territories from them, mainly because of the incompleteness of other evidence of settlement patterns. Fortunately, in the past two decades there have been major advances in territorial studies, in particular, of the pattern defined by the reaves (long walls) on Dartmoor in Southwest England and in the Anglo-Saxon pattern in Southern England defined by boundaries in legal documents (charters). These studies enable some general principles of early land divisions to be deduced, particularly the relations of boundaries to the natural features of the terrain. These principles can be applied to the study of other early boundary earthworks, and, in some cases, reasonable deductions on the nature of the prehistoric estates can be made. The paper concludes with a discussion of major problems, namely, the dating of earthworks, the continuity of boundaries between prehistoric and historic eras, the functions of boundary markers, their chronological development, and their social implications.     

现代英国保守主义的嬗变

作为一种意识形态,保守主义诞生于柏克对法国大革命的反思。自19世纪初以来,英国保守党在思想和政策上发生了几次重大的转变。皮尔为保守党确立了基本原则,狄斯雷利则推行托利民主,为现代保守主义增添了新的内容。二战后的新形势使保守党左翼进一步加大了国家对社会经济生活的干预,而撒切尔主义则回到狄斯雷利以前的保守主义。保守党在意识形态上的这种灵活性是其能够一直延续至今的一个重要原因。     

Callaghan,the British Government and the N-Bomb Controversy

The essay focuses on the ERW controversy in the context of NATO modernisation of tactical nuclear weapons and Soviet deployment of SS-20s. The rationale of a low-yield warhead supposedly tailor-made for the European theatre enabled the Americans to ask their allies for a prior commitment on deployment, while the Europeans retorted that the process of decision making should be triggered by a US previous determination of whether to produce the neutron bomb. Consultations were essentially a FRG-US-UK affair. Against this background British inability to properly assess the genuine German position was a very important factor, resulting in a persistent climate of uncertainty. Bonn's decision not to inform the British that on 20 January 1978 they agreed to give the Americans a qualified green light to deploy ERWs on German soil represents a blunder in this sense. It kept the UK government wary, instead of possibly precipitating a solution of the controversy by hammering out the terms of an arms control offer to the Soviets according to a ‘dual track’ approach.     

History of the Dalai Lama in Government Work

The Dalai Lama ruled Tibet for prolonged period of time, but this was not the situation in the beginning when the title was created. The religious leader first received the honorific title in the second half of the 16th century, some 100 years later after the death of Gendain Zhuba (later confirmed posthumously as the 1 st Dalai     

The Wild Hunt in the Modern British Imagination

The expression ‘Wild Hunt’ has acted as shorthand in Western culture for nocturnal cavalcades of spirits, usually with a recognized leader, ever since it was coined by the German scholar Jacob Grimm in the early nineteenth century. For a short period in the late twentieth century it was a major motif in British fiction, and especially in novels designed for children and young adults. This article is intended to explore the links between the two phenomena, the status of the concept in wider culture and of its use in fantasy literature, and in the process to further an understanding of the relationship between folklore, scholarship, and creative writing in Britain during the past two hundred years.     

How I was Denied Scholastic Opportunities by the British Government

This paper describes the difficulties the author had in obtaining twice a UK visa from the British Consulate in Paris. She was once refused an academic visitor visa despite an invitation to conduct research for two years at the Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge. Then, the following year, she was denied again a short visit to attend a conference at the Department of Museum Studies, Leicester University.     

Recent Work on U.S. Relations with Costa Rica

Kyle Longley. The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the US during the Rise of José Figueres
Aviva Chomsky. West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870–1920     

Recent Work on Nordic Neo-Latin Literature (1997-2000)

Ancient Nubia—alias the Kingdom of Kush alias Aithiopia alias the Napatan and Meroitic empires—though as a Randgebiet in constant interchange, through Egypt, with the Mediterranean world, is still largely neglected by‐students of Ancient History. This need not be so; the present review article discusses six new books on Nubian civilization in antiquity and argues that ‘ the deficient integration of archaeological and textual evidence that has marred much of the modern interpretation of Nubian history is now beginning to be replaced by fruitful interdisciplinarity.     

近代英国农业的结构和性质问题——兼论从封建主义向资本主义过渡问题

本文证明,在英国近代农业中包含了大租地农场、小型家庭租佃农场、大地主地产、庄园制残余等多种经济结构成分,提出了与国内一些学者所持的英国近代农业是资本主义发展的典型的结论不同的见解。提出英国近代资本主义时期国民经济中农业经济部类的结构特征和性质的问题,认为农业部类与工业部类的结构性质有所不同,前一部类常常保留了若干封建残余和非资本主义经济结构成分,资本主义时代农业发展道路不同于工业。由于从封建主义向资本主义社会过渡的第二次国际大讨论中,布伦纳的论文是以英国农业资本主义典型性的论点为基础的,今天对布伦纳辩论有必要重新加以考虑。     

From Traditional Management to the New Management in British Local Government

The article outlines the assumptions on which traditional management in British local authorities was based. It argues the those assumptions were grounded in the conditions of the postwar period, but outlines developing critiques. In recent years societal changes and economic and financial pressures have challenged the basis of traditional management and reinforced the critiques. The legislative program of the Conservative Government on local government is presented as one response to the need to build a new management, with its own strengths and weaknesses.