The investigation of long-distance HF propagation on the basis of a chirp sounder

Experimental data on round-the-world HF radio signals near the terminator are given. The critical frequency of the ionospheric waveguide is found to be F_c ∼ 16–17 MHz. At frequencies F < F_c the group delay has a negative dispersion $\text{τ}\text{dot}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>g</mtext>}}\text{= ∂τ/∂F ⋍ −100}$ μs/MHz and $\text{τ}\text{dot}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>g</mtext>}}\text{⋍ 80}$ μs/MHz for frequencies f > f_c. Ray-tracing calculations are carried out. It is found that the low frequency branch of round-the-world signals (F < F_c) is formed mainly by waveguide modes and the high frequency branch (F > F_c) by 0 ricochet and hop modes.Experiments on waveguide modes escaping from the ionospheric channel due to field-aligned scattering by artificial ionospheric turbulence are carried out. The conditions for trapping of radio waves in the ionospheric waveguide are investigated. It is shown that if the gradient of the critical frequency F₀F2 is less than minus 2 × 10⁻² MHz/100 km radio wave trapping takes place in the ionospheric waveguide at frequencies exceeding by 1–2 MHz the maximum observed frequency of the hop mode. The frequency time characteristics of the mode and the geophysical conditions for the effective control of radio waves escaping from the waveguide are defined.     

Book reviews

Aldeghi, I., et al., Vécu et devenir des chômeurs de longue durée (La Documentation Française, 1992), 123pp., 100F., ISBN 2 11 002644 8

Baker, K.M., Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1990), 372pp., £32.50 hbk., £11.95 pbk., ISBN 0 521 34618 5 and 0 521 38578 4

Blancquart, M.‐C., and Cahne, P., Littérature française du XX^e (PUF, 1992), 564pp., ISBN 2 130 44810 0

Brunet, P., ed., France et Grande‐Bretagne rurales. Rural France and Great Britain (Centre de Recherches sur l'Evolution de la Vie Rurale, Université de Caen, 1991), 510pp., 180F., ISBN 2 905 46162 4

Caune, J., La Culture en action. De Vilar à Lang: le sens perdu (Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1992), 368pp., 130F.

Coleman, J., and Parker, G., French and the Enterprise Path (AFLS‐CILT, 1992), 200pp., £8.95

Collot, S., Les Lieux de désir: topologie amoureuse de Zola (Hachette Université, 1992), 192pp., 150F., ‘Recherches Littéraires’ Collection, ISBN 2 010 18816 0

Coutel, C., ed., La République et l'école; une anthologie (Presses‐Pocket, 1992), 288pp., ISBN 2 266 04474 5

Crosland, M., Science under control: the French Academy of Sciences, 1795–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 454pp., £60.00, ISBN 0 521 41373 7

David, M., Le Printemps de la Fraternité: genèse et vicissitudes, 1830–1851 (Aubier, 1992), 396pp., 180F., ISBN 2 700 72237 X

Debray, R., Vie et mort de l'image (Gallimard, 1992), 140F., 412pp., ISBN 2 070 72816 1

Drieu la Rochelle, P., Journal 1939–1945 (Gallimard, 1992), 521pp., 140F., ISBN 2 070 72307 0

Durand, J.‐D. et al., Cent ans de catholicisme social à Lyon et en Rhône‐Alpes. Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 18–19 janvier 1991 (Les Editions Ouvrières, 1992), 566pp., 170F., ISBN 2 708 22954 0

Estienne, P., Les régions françaises (Masson, 1991), 2 vols, 264pp., 272pp., 180F., 190F., ISBN 2 225 82509 2, 2 225 82590 4 respectively

Fougeyrollas, P., L'Attraction du futur: un essai sur la signification du présent (Méridiens Klincksieck), 274pp., 140F., ISBN 2 865 63299 7

Gaillac, H., Les Maisons de correction 1830–1945 (Editions Cujas, 1991), 464pp., 120F., ISBN 2 254 92404 X

Genet‐Delacroix, M.‐C., Art et Etat sous la III^e République. Le Système des Beaux‐Arts 1870 (Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992), lviii+433pp., 190F., ISBN 2 859 44219 7

Hagège, C., Le Souffle de la Langue (Odile Jacob, 1992), 286pp.+9pp. of maps, 130F., ISBN 2 738 10182 8

Hancock, M.D. et al., Politics in Western Europe (Macmillan, 1993), 526pp., £14.99, ISBN 0 000 00000 0

Hardman, J., Louis XVI (Yale University Press, 1993), 264pp., £25.00, ISBN 0 300 05719 9

Hargreaves, A.G., Voices from the North African immigrant community in France. Immigration and identity in Bear fiction (Berg, 1991), 175pp., £29.50, ISBN 0 854 96649 8

Harpaz, E., Benjamin Constant et Madame Récamier (lettres 1807–1830) (Honoré Champion, 1992), 362pp., 140F., ISBN 2 852 03706 8

Hudson, J., and Tosser, N., Business French (Made Simple, 1992), 426pp., £8.95, ISBN 0 730 60299 6

Jones, H.S., The French State in Question. Public Law and Political Argument in the Third Republic (CUP, 1993), 231pp., £30., ISBN 2 521 43149 2

Kolebka, G., Dépressions sur une partie de la France (Seghers, 1991), 164pp., 100F., ISBN 2 232 10341 2

Lagrée, M., and Roche, J., Tombes de mémoire: le dévotion populaire aux victimes de la Révolution dans l'Ouest (Rennes Apogée, 1993), 148pp., 125F., ISBN 2 909 27512 4

Lefebvre, D., Guy Mollet: Le mal aimé (Plon, 1992), 545pp., 149F., ISBN Z 259 02465 3

Lemalet, M., Lettres d'Algérie, 1954–1962: La guerre des appelés, la mémoire d'une génération (Jean‐Claude Lattès, 1992), 360pp., 139F., ISBN 2 709 61145 7

Lyotard, J.‐F., The inhuman (Polity Press, 1991), 216pp., £35, ISBN 0 745 69772 1

Michel, P., and Nivet, J.‐F., Octave Mirbeau; l'imprécateur au c?ur fidèle (Librarie Séguier, 1990), 1019pp., ISBN 2 877 36162 4

Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle, Le Tourisme Social et Familial (La Documentation Française, 1992), 333pp., 180F., ISBN 9 782 11002757 3

Oriol, P., Les immigrés devant les urnes: le droit de vote des étrangers (CIEMI/L'Harmattan, 1992), 223pp., 120F., ISBN 2 738 41246 7

Remond, R., et al., Paul Touvier et l'Eglise. Rapport de la Commission historique instituée par le cardinal Decourtray (Fayard, 1992), 418pp., 130F., ISBN 2 213 02880 X

Richardot, J.‐P., Le peuple protestant français aujourd'hui (Laffont, 1992), 388pp., ISBN 2 221 07364 9

Sainteny, G., Les Verts (PUF, 1991), 127pp., ISBN 2 130 44491 1

Sainte‐Beuve, C.‐A., La Vie des lettres (Hermann, 1992), 4 vols. I: Moyen‐#afAge et Renaissance, 184pp., ISBN 2 705 66176 X; II: Le Siècle de Versailles, 240pp., ISBN 2 705 66177 8; III: Les Lumières et les salons, 192pp., ISBN 2 705 66178 6; IV: Le Siècle du progrès, 212pp., ISBN 2 705 66179 4, 60F. each.

Scientrier, P., Tester et enrichir ses connaissances en littérature (Marabout, 1992), 287pp., ISBN 2 501 01757 9

Scriven, M., and Wagstaff, P., eds., War and society in twentieth‐century France (Berg, 1991), xii+304pp., ISBN 0 854 96292 1

Servent, P., Le Mythe Pétain. Verdun ou les tranchées de la mémoire (Editions Payot, 1992), 283pp., 120F., ISBN 2 228 88500 2

Sowerwine, C., and Magnien, C., Madeleine Pelletier, une féministe dans l'arène politique (Editions Ouvrières, 1992), 250pp., 125F., ISBN 2 708 22960 5

Stanley, J.L., ed., From Georges Sorel, vol. 2: Hermeneutics and the Sciences, translated by John and Charlotte Stanley. (New Brunswick and London, Transaction Books, 1990), 219pp., ISBN 0 887 38304 1     

The romance of Czechoslovakia

EUROPE.

La Lorraine Métallurgique: Axel, Somme, Nancy, etc. Paris: Editions Berger‐Livrault, 1930.

Abbeys of Old Romance. By Charles G. Harper. London: Cecil Palmer, 1930. Price 15s.

Russia at Random. By Oliver Tweedy. London: Jarrolds, 1931. Price 7s. 6d.

European Encounters. By Hubert Griffith. London: John Lane (The Bodley Head Ltd.), 1931. Price 8s. 6d.

1. Between the River and the Hills. By Sisley Huddleston. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

2. Travels in Normandy. By Roy Elston. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1931. Price 7s. 6d.

3. Folktales of Normandy. By W. Branch Johnson. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1929. Price 7s. 6d.

Russia Unveiled. By Panait Istrati. Translated from the French by R. J. S. Curtis. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1931. Price 10s.

French Leaves. By E. V. Lucas. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 5s.

Beautiful Mountains: In the Jugoslav Alps. By F. S. Copeland. Split: The Jugoslav Bureau, n.d. Price 5s.

Italy Yesterday and To‐Bay. By A. Marinoni. New York: The Macmillan Company Ltd., 1931. Price 21s.

The Economic Life of Soviet Russia. By Calvin B. Hoover, Ph.D. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

ASIA.

A Journey to China, or Things which are Seen. By Arnold Toynbee. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 15s.

The Japanese Population Problem: The Coming Crisis. By W. R. Crocker. London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd. 1931. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Conflict: Angora to Afghanistan. By Rosita Forbes. London: Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1931. Price 15s.

AFRICA.

Across Africa on Foot. By Ronald A. Monson. Photographs by J. Hunter Wilson. London: Elkin Mathews and Marrot, 1931. Price 18s. net.

The Lonely Island. By Rose Annie Rogers. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1931. Price 7s. 6d.

The Red Men of Nigeria. By Captain J. R. Wilson‐Haffenden, T.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. London: Seeley, Service and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 21s. net.

AMERICA.

New Brunswick, Canada: Its Natural Resources and Development. By L. O. Thomas, B.Sc. Ottawa: Natural Resources Intelligence Service, 1930.

British Policy and Canada, 1774–1791. By Gerald S. Graham. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 10s. 6d. net.

POLAR.

Little America. By R. E. Byed. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons Ltd., 1931. Price 21s.

GENERAL.

The Mysterious Universe. By Sir James Jeans. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1930. Price 3s. 6d. net.

Jungle Islands: The "Illyria” in the South Seas. By Sidney N. Shurcliff. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons Ltd., 1930. Price 42s.

Trodden Ways: 1895–1980. By Sir Ian Malcolm. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 12s. 6d.

The Island of Penguins. By Cherry Kearton. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 10s. 6d.

Turkey: Yesterday, To‐day, and To‐morrow. By Sir Telford Waugh. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1930. Price 18s.

Dark Trails: Adventures of a Naturalist. By George K. Cherbie. With a Foreword by Kermit Roosevelt. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons Ltd., Price 15s.

Changing Conditions of Imperial Defence: Essays on Military Geography. By Capt. D. H. Cole, M.B.E. London: Sifton, Praed and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 6s.

Downhill Ski‐Racing. By Harold Mitchell. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1931. Price 5s.

Vancouver—A Life: 1757–1798. By George Godwin. London: Philip Allan and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 15s.

Kultur im Spiegel der Landschaft. Das Bild der Erde in seiner Oestaltung durch den Menschen. Ein Bilderatlas. Von Nikolaus Creutzburg. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut A.G., 1930. Preis RM. 45.

Peru from the Air. By Lieutenant George R. Johnson. With Text and Notes by Raye R. Platt. New York: American Geographical Society, 1930. Price $5.

The Autobiography of a Wanderer. By Major A. Radclyffe Dugmore, F.R.G.S. London: Hurst and Blackett Ltd., n.d. Price 18s. net.

Through the Caucasus to the Volga. By Fridtjof Nansen. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.. 1931. Price 12s. 6d. net.

Chorus to Adventurers. By Roger Pocock. London: John Lane (The Bodley Head Ltd.), 1931. Price 12s. 6d.

Impacts: The Trip to the States, and other Adventures of Travel. By Douglas Goldring. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. Price 7s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL.

Geographische Kausalprofile: Eine Beispielsammlung aus der Praxis fur die Praxis. Von Dr. Kurt Keause. Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt, 1930. Preis RM. 2.50.

The Peoples of the World. Vol. II. People and Homes in Many Lands. By F. G. Moss, B.A. Illustrated. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 2s. 6d.

An Introduction to Regional Surveying. By C. C. Fagg and G. E. Hutchings. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1930. Price 7s. 6d.

Introductory Studies in Geography. By E. Irene Daughtry, B.A. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1930. Price 2s. 3d.

The Seal Princess, by C. A. Dawson Scott, and With the Australian Aborigines, by E. L. Grant Wilson. “New Prospect” Readers. London: George Philip and Son Ltd., 1930. Price 8d. each.

The World‐Wide Geographies. Book IV. The World We Live In. By J. H. Stembridge. London: Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford, 1930. Price 1s. 9d.

Individual Geographies: North America. By R. Finch. London: A. and C. Black Ltd., 1930. Price 1s. 6d.

Progressive Studies in Geography. Book II. The Atlantic Hemisphere. Book III. Euro‐Asia. By H. Sankey and E. A. Meerett. London: George Philip and Son Ltd., 1930. Price, Book II., 10d.; Book III., 9d.

A Text‐Book of Geography. By G. C. Fey, M.Sc. 7th Edition. London : University Tutorial Press, 1930. Price 6s. 6d.

Earth and Sky. By C. H. Dobinson, M.A., B.Sc., F.G.S. London: A. and C. Black Ltd., 1930. Price 3s. 6d.     

Seasonality and seal exploitation in the southwestern Cape,South Africa

An ecological model is proposed for human responses to climatic seasonality in the later Holocene of the southwestern Cape in South Africa. This is an area where pronounced seasonality produces cyclical effects on plant, animal and human communities. The predictions of this model are that: 1. human foragers would switch from plant carbohydrates to seal fat as a winter energy source; 2. capture and butchery of seals would vary with season and seal age; 3. capture and butchery of ungulates would vary seasonally; and 4. seals would be exploited differently from ungulates throughout the year. The model is tested against faunal data from Smitswinkelbaai Cave.

---

Résumé On propose un modèle écologique des réactions humaines à la saisonalité climatique pour l'Holocène récent dans le cap sud-ouest, Afrique du Sud. C'est une région où la saisonalité produit des effets cycliques sur les communautés végétale, animale et humaine. Les prédictions de ce modèle sont les suivantes: 1. les cueilleurs humains changeaient des féculents végétaux à la graisse de phoque comme source d'énergie en hiver; 2. la prise et la boucherie de phoques variaient avec les saisons et selon l'âge des phoques; 3. la prise et la boucherie des ongulés variaient de façon saisonnière; et 4. les phoques étaient exploités différemment des ongulés pendant toute l'année. On présente un essai préliminaire du modèle sur les données de la caverne Smitswinkelbaai.

     

The Swiss abroad

Europe

A Camera in the Hills. By F. S. Smythe. Demy 8vo. Pp. 147. London: A. and C. Black Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

British Hills and Mountains. By J. H. B. Bell, E. F. Bozman and J. Fairfax Blakeborough. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+120. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Island Tears. By F. Fraser Darling. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+300. London: Bell and Son Ltd., 1940. Price 12s.

Hertfordshire. Edited by Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Buckinghamshire. Edited by Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+256 and ix+284. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d. each.

By Many Waters. By A. R. B. Haldane. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. x+223. Edinburgh: T. Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Highland View. By James Bramwell. Demy 8vo. Pp. 230. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1939. Price 8s. 6d.

The Medieval Fenland. By H. C. Darby. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvii+200. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

The Draining of the Fens. By H. C. Darby. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xix+312. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 21s.

Down River. By J. Lehmann. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+291. London: Gresset Press, 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Sketches of Finland. Illustrated. 4to. Pp. 135. Helsinki: Suomen Kirja Ltd., 1939. Price 8s. 6d.

Footsteps in Finland. By Joan and Peggy Webster. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 256. London: Skeffington and Son Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Finland. By Agnes Rothery. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+257. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1940. Price 6s.

Ikons and Oxen. By P. Thornton. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 300. London: Collins and Co. Ltd., 1939. Price 12s. 6d.

Buffer States of the Balkans. By Harry Gregson. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 239. London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

In Old Romania. By H. Baerlein. Demy 8vo. Pp. 287. London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Stalin. By Eugene Lyons. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 255. London: Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 9s.

The Russian Enigma. By A. Ciliga. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+304. London: Routledge and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

Mountaineering Holiday. By F. S. Smythe. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+229. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Alpine Pilgrimage. By J. Kugy. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 367. London: John Murray, 1940. Price 6s.

Problems of the Baltic. By W. F. Reddaway. Pp.120. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 3s. 6d.

Mediterranean Problems. By Gordon East. Edinburgh: T. Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 2s. 6d.

Africa

Mauretania, Warrior, Man and Woman. By Sacheverell Sitwell. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 328. London: Duckworth and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

A History of the Gambia. By J. M. Gray. Imperial 8vo. Pp. x+508. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 30s.

The Swazi. By B. A. Marwick. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvii+320. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 18s.

Portrait of a Colony. The Story of Natal. By A. F. Hattersley. Illustrated. Demy. Pp. viii+233. London: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Livingstone the Liberator. By J. I. Macnair. Crown 8vo. Pp. 382. London: Collins and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 2s. 6d.

Lions on Trust. By Cleland Scott. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 317. London: Michael Joseph Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

America

Ecuador the Unknown. By V. W. Von Hagen. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 296. London: Jarrolds Ltd., 1939. Price 15s.

Riddle of Hell's Jungle. By Schulz‐Kampfhenkel. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 242. London: Hurst and Blackett Ltd., 1940. Price 16s.

To the Lost World. By P. A. Zahl. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 242. London: Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 11s.

Refuge in the Andes. By Rudolph Messel. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 285. London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Americas to the South. By J. T. Whitaker. Demy 8vo. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1939. Price 12s. 6d.

Caribbean Treasure. By I. T. Sanderson. Illustrated. Imperial 8vo. Pp. 292. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Tristan da Cunha, 1506–1002. By J. Brander. Demy 8vo. Pp. 336. London: G. Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

The Lonely Island. By E. Christopherson. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+243. London: Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

North America. By E. G. Ashton. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. 383. London: Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Steam Conquers the Pacific. By A. C. Wardle. Demy 8vo. Pp. 200. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Asia

The Story of Jericho. By J. and J. B. E. Garstang. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+200. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Once in Sinai. By J. M. C. Plowden. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+302. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

A Winter in Arabia. By Freya Stark. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+328. London: John Murray, 1940. Price 16s.

Burma Road. By Nicol Smith. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940. Price 16s.

The Baiga. By Verrier Elwtn. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxxi+550. London: John Murray, 1940. Price 30s.

Himalayan Honeymoon. By B. Pares. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 301. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

Land of a Thousand Buddhas. By T. Bernard. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London: Rider and Co., 1940. Price 18s.

The Wandering Lake. By Sven Hedin. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+293. London: Routledge and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 18s.

Chaos in Asia. By Hallett Abend. Demy 8vo. Pp. 313. London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

A Cavalier in China. By A. W. S. Wingate. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 327. London: Grayson and Grayson Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

Inner Asian Frontiers of China. By Owen Lattimore. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxiii+585. Oxford: University Press, 1940. Price $4.00.

Journey into China. By Violet Cressy‐Marcks. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.320. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 21s.

Turkestan Tumult. By A. K. Wu. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xiii+279. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Phoenicia and Western Asia. By R. Weill. Crown 8vo. Pp. 208. London: Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 6s.

Sea Power and Empire. By F. C. J. Hearnshaw. Demy 8vo. Pp. 192. London: Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Miscellaneous

Suez and Panama. By A. Siegfried. Demy 8vo. Pp. 400. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Life of Captain Cook. By H. Carrington. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+324. London: Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd., 1940. Price 16s.

Velvet Voyaging. By E. Wasserman. Demy 8vo. Pp.316. London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

The Adventures of a Mountaineer. By F. S. Smythe. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+228. J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

An Escaper's Log. By D. Grinnell‐Milne. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. vii+306. London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd., 1940. Price 3s. 6d.

Edward Whymper. By F. S. Smythe. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 330. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 21s.

Approach to the Hills. By C. F. Meade. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 265. London: John Murray, 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Educational

The Gifts of the Earth. By E. Brooks and R. Finch. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 272. London: University of London Press, 1940. Price 3s. 6d.

Twenty Essential Studies in Geography. By G. Noyle. Demy 8vo. Pp. vii+184. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 2s. 6d.

Structural and Field Geology. By James Geikie, revised by R. Campbell and R. M. Craig. Illustrated. Imperial 8vo. Pp. xxiv+395. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1940. Price 25s.

Kingsway Social Geographies. Book I. Hunters and Fishers, Book II. The Herders. Book III. The Cultivators. Book IV. Miners and Manufacturers. Book V. Traders and Carriers. Edited by Ernest Young. London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1940. Price 1s. 6d. each.     

Educational

EUROPE

Flight into Portugal. By R. Bodley. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+224. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 16s.

Heart of Spain. By G. G. King. Illustrated. 10×7. Pp. 179. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1941. Price $3.00.

Snowdonia through the Lens. By W. A. Poucher. Illustrated. Fcap. fol. Pp. 124. London : Chapman &; Hall Ltd., 1941. Price 18s.

The Land of Britain. Edited by L. D. Stamp. London : Geographical Publications, 1941. Price 1s. 6d each.

At Slieve Gullion's Foot. By W. J. Murphy. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.115. 1940. Price 3s. 6d.

On Our Hill. By Annette Barlee. Illustrated. Small 4to. Pp. 100. Price 3s. 6d. Dundalgan Press, Dundalk.

English Woodland. By John Rodgers. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+132. London : Batsford, 1942. Price 10s. 6d.

The Nazi New Order in Poland. By Jon Evans. Demy 8vo. Pp.184. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1941. Price 6s.

Russia in Flux. By Sir John Maynard. Demy 8vo. Pp. 301. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

AMERICA

Ports of Piscataqua. By W. S. Saltonstall. Illustrated. 11×7#fr1/2>. Pp. viii+244. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1941. Price 20s.

Cape Horn. By F. Riesenberg. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 487. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 18s.

ASIA

Dawn Watch in China. By Joy Homer. Demy 8vo. Pp. 288. London : Collins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Soviet Asia : Progress and Problems. By E. S. Bates. Map. Demy 8vo. Pp.191. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1942. Price 8s. 6d.

GENERAL

After C.T. Studd. By N. Grubb. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.185. London : R.T.S., 1941. Price 3s. 6d.

Economic Geography. By C. F. Jones. Illustrated. Crown fcap. Pp. xxii+626. New York : The Macmillan Company Ltd., 1941. Price $4.25.

Geography and World Power. By J. Fairgrieve. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 376. London : Univ. of London Press, 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

The Earth and its Resources. By Finch, Trewartha, and Shearer. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 634. New York and London: M'Graw‐Hill Book Co. Price 17s.

Wanderings with a Shotgun. By Sir Edward Durand. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 184. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1942. Price 16s.

British Mountaineers. By F. S. Smythe. Illustrated. 9×6#fr1/2>. Pp.48. London : Collins Ltd. Price 4s. 6d.     

The Late Upper Palaeolithic Occupation of the Moroccan Northwest Maghreb During the Last Glacial Maximum

New work at Kehf el Hammar Cave provides the first well-dated palaeoenvironmental sequence for the Late Upper Palaeolithic in this region of the northwest Maghreb. The archaeological layers are dated via a combination of AMS radiocarbon and luminescence dating methods. The sequence contains charcoal-rich occupation layers with faunal, human and lithic finds. Local vegetational patterns are reconstructed on the basis of preliminary analysis of the charcoal evidence. Using standard calibration curves the AMS radiocarbon dates are compared with proxy evidence for climatic change from sea core records in the Alborán Sea. These appear to show that the Late Upper Palaeolithic occupation of the region coincides closely with Heinrich Event 1, a period marked by intense aridification and dating to ca. 16,700–17,250 calendar years ago.Les nouvelles recherches dans la grotte de Kehf el Hammar ont permis d’obtenir la première séquence paléoenevironnementale bien datée du Paléolithique supérieur tardif au Nord Ouest du Maghreb. En effet, les niveaux archéologiques ont été datés par le radiocarbone par accélérateur (AMS) et des méthodes radiométriques basées sur la luminescence. En revanche, les paléoenvironnements végétaux ont été partiellement reconstitués à base des premières analyses des charbons de bois. Les dates AMS calibrées ont été comparées aux données climatiques issues des carottes marines dans la mer Alborán. Ainsi, les occupations humaines du Paléolithique supérieur tardif dans la région ont sensiblement coïncidé avec l’événement climatique Heinrich 1. Celui-ci correspond à une période qui a été marquée par une aridification intense entre 16.700 et 17.250 ans (cal.).     

Using the STARE double pulse system to obtain the mean velocity and velocity of long-lived irregularities

The STARE and SABRE auroral radars use double pulses to measure one value of the autocorrelation function (ACF) to obtain the Doppler velocity of the irregularities in the E-region auroral zone. If the pulse separation of each double pulse is τ, then the measured velocity tends towards the mean velocity V_DP as τ → 0, and towards the velocity of the long-lived irregularities V_LL as τ → ∞. A practical implementation using these results is presented, which allows measurement of these two physically important velocities from just four pulse spacings, rather than the 11 or 15 currently used to obtain the full velocity spectrum in the STARE and SABRE radars, and thus gains greater precision or better time resolution. The two line-of-sight velocities, V_DP and V_LL, are in general not equal, with V_LL greater in magnitude than V_DP (sometimes much greater). Comparison of V_DP and V_LL for the two STARE stations and one of the SABRE stations shows interesting differences, and a number of statistically significant features. V_LL probably measures the velocity of primary irregularities whenever these exist with the appropriate k vector. Both velocities ought to be measured routinely, and also for comparison with other techniques.     

The Environmental History of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia) in the Middle and Late Holocene: A Preliminary Outline

This paper outlines the environmental history of the Tigrean Plateau (northern Ethiopia) during the Holocene, based on the available geomorphological, palynological, archaeological, and historical evidence. At present, it seems that (1) the plateau experienced a more humid climate with a denser vegetation cover during the Early Holocene; (2) Soil erosion due to clearing vegetation began in the Middle Holocene; (3) agricultural activity was intensified in the Late Holocene, as a consequence of the rise of a state; (4) demographic pressure increased from the early first millennium BC to the mid–first millennium AD, causing soil erosion; (5) environmental degradation and demographic decline occurred in the late first millennium AD; (6) the vegetation cover was regenerated in the early second millennium AD; and (7) progressive vegetation clearance started again in the second half of the second millennium AD.Cet article trace l'histoire ambiante du Plateau Tigréen dans l'Holocène en utilisant les données géomorphologiques, palynologiques, archéologiques et historiques. Il semble que (1) dans l'Holocène ancien le plateau était caractérisé par une phase humide avec une dense végétation; (2) l'érosion causée par l'abbattage de la végétation commen¸a dans l'Holocène moyen; (3) l'activité agricole s'inténsifia à la fin de l'Holocène, par conséquence de l'essor d'un état; (4) la pression démographique augmenta de plus en plus du début du premier millénaire av. J.-Ch. à la moitié du premier millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; (5) la dégradation ambiante et la diminution démographique se vérifièrent à la fin du premier millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; (6) une régéneration de la vegetation se vérifia au début du seconde millénaire ap. J.-Ch.; et (7) l'abbatage de la végétation recommen¸a dans la seconde moitié du seconde millénaire ap. J.-Ch.     

Archaeology in Gabon, 1886–1988

This is the first attempt at synthesis of archaeological research conducted in Gabon between 1982 and 1988. Middle Stone Age, Late Stone Age, Neolithic, Early and Late Iron Age data are discussed in the context of earlier discoveries and of current research in Central Africa as a whole.Though the Middle Stone Age remains undated, its earliest component clearly preceded 40,000 bp. The Late Stone Age is datedca 9000–2500 bp, with an early Neolithic perhaps as old as 5000–3000 bp. A late Neolithic is firmly dated to 2600–2200 bp. Iron smelting is shown to have begunca 2500 bp in inland areas of Gabon andca 2000 bp near the coast.

---

Résumé On présente ici une première synthèse des données scientifiques obtenues au cours des travaux de 1982–1988 au Gabon. Les éléments relatifs au Middle Stone Age, au Late Stone Age, au Néolithique, aux Ages du Fer ancien et récent sont présentés. A chaque fois une discussion s'engage les mettant en relation avec le contexte global de l'Afrique Centrale ainsi qu'avec les découvertes antérieures.Quoique le MSA reste mal daté, il peut être démontré que les plus vieux outils ont au moins 40,000 ans d'âge. Le LSA quant à lui est circonscrit à la périodeca 9000–2500 bp, alors qu'un Néolithique ancien est peut-être situé vers 5000–3000 bp. Un Néolithique final est, lui, correctement daté vers 2600–2200 bp. Enfin, la fonte du fer est attestée à l'intérieur des terres dès 2500 bp alors que le littoral ne semble pas connaitre cette technologie avant 2000 bp.

     

Anomalous diurnal phase shifts of Omega VLF waves (10–14 kHz) on the east–west low latitude and transequatorial paths

The phase of the Omega HAIKU (Hawaii, U.S.A.) and REUNION (La Reunion) signals were measured at Inubo, Japan and onboard ship at Fremantle. Australia. Strong east–west non-reciprocities of the diurnal phase shift are obtained both on the low latitude and transequatorial paths, and it is found that the non-reciprocity on one path is in an opposite sense to the other. The diurnal phase shift, ϕ_DN for the west-to-east (WE) propagation is 7.8–8.7 µs Mm^–1 at 13.6 kHz on the transequatorial and mid-latitude paths, indicating no significant latitude dependence of the phase velocity in WE propagation. On the other hand, ϕ_DN for the east-to-west (EW) propagation greatly depends on the geomagnetic latitude; at 13.6 kHz ϕ_DN = 11.3µs Mm^–1 on the low latitude path and ϕ_DN = 50 µs Mm^–1 on the transequatorial path, which are 40% greater and 35% less than ϕ_DN in WE propagation, respectively. The east-west non-reciprocities of ϕ_DN on the low latitude and transequatorial paths are interpreted in terms of a single mode propagation in the conventional anisotropic waveguide model with β_D = 0.3 km^–1, β_N = 0.5 km^–1 and h_N–h_D = 12.5 km. In particular, the anomalously small ϕ_DN on the EW transequatorial path is explained as due to the high phase velocity of the night-time first-order mode in the equatorial region within ±12° geomagnetic latitude.     

A Science Journalist’s Perspective

A critique of papers in the session on Archaeology and War.

---

Résumé  Une critique d’articles concernant la session portant sur l’archéologie et la guerre.

---

Resumen  Una crítica sobre los trabajos de la jornada sobre arqueología y guerra.