从孤魂野鬼到神灵的转化--闽南"私人佛仔"的初步研究

一、引言 所谓"私人佛仔",是指闽南一带的居民对某些神品较低的神灵的主位称呼,这种神灵主要供奉在厢房、内室或僻屋中,很少进入民间供奉正神的厅堂正中,而且他们主要是由住在该内室的人敬奉的,并与该内室的人有一些千丝万缕的关系,因为,他们主要是由这家过去夭折或凶死的亲人转化而来的.私人佛仔过去被称为"夫人妈",①但是用"夫人妈"来概括指称这类神灵是有些问题的.因为,在闽南,"夫人妈"是对某神灵的夫人的一种尊称,凡是神灵的夫人均可以用此称之.换言之,夫人妈是专对女神而言的.     

Living and dying as subjects of the Inca Empire: Adult diet and health at Puruchuco-Huaquerones,Peru

Imperial strategies varied as the Inca expanded their empire from the capital in Cusco. Some communities were conquered violently while others were ruled indirectly with little evidence of Inca presence. According to ethnohistorical evidence, the central coast was peacefully annexed by the Incas ca. A.D. 1470, but little is known about how Inca imperialism may have affected the quality of life of subjects of the Inca Empire. We integrate multiple lines of evidence to assess diet, health and disease for a sample of human remains from the Late Horizon cemetery of Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru. Specifically, we examine and analyze osteological, dental and stable isotope data (n = 162, 90 and 46 respectively) in order to investigate whether the Inca period population at Puruchuco-Huaquerones experienced nutritionally insufficient diets and poor health under imperial policies. Diet at Puruchuco-Huaquerones incorporated a variety of foods, both plant and animal. Osteological lesions and stature indicate periods of stress, with males experiencing more illness relative to females. Stature sexual dimorphism, the presence of healed lesions and isotope data indicate a sufficiently nutritious diet and support the conclusion that, although disease was present, individuals were healthy enough to survive and recover. Geographical and temporal comparisons suggest that health changed little with the Inca annexation of this region, but future work is needed.     

Governing population, public health, and malaria in the early Turkish republic

In the early Turkish republic of the 1920s, population was a central question of concern for the leadership of the Kemalist state. This article focuses on how a demographic discourse concerning population – in terms both numerical and medical – provided a basis for emerging programs in public health, confronting the very real threats posed by disease. Employing the example of the nascent republic’s anti-malarial campaigns, this study thus examines the discursive, cartographic, and legislative measures employed in combating this widespread disease in the wider contexts of nation-building. In doing so, it traces one vital trajectory of the development of modern governmentality (i.e., that of public health) in the case of Turkey during the 1920s and 1930s, prior to the wartime slowing of state investments (due to national defense priorities), the post-World War II infusions of foreign aid and the incorporation of DDT in confronting malaria.     

在外“混帐”

<正>凡是在旷野沙滩、田间地头露过营的"驴友"们,恐怕不少人都有过当"混客"的经历。有的"混客"有自己的"混帐态度"混帐逻辑",有人不可避     

Unmanaging the past: Truth,data and the human being

Management systems in archaeology seek to impose the scientific objective‐reductionist paradigm on archaeologists and their data. This orthodoxy has been enshrined in English Heritage's document Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) which prescribes rigorous application of a standardized methodology. MAP II, as it is known, is based on a processual model in which ‘data’ enter at one end and valuable archaeology emerges at the other. Such a view not only lacks any appreciation of the distinctions between ‘data’ and ‘information’ but also fails to acknowledge the beliefs and values which underpin the decision‐making criteria crucial to the model. In this paper we argue for an approach which un‐manages the past — by building relativistic humans into our strategies for dealing with the past. Examples are given which demonstrate how such an approach might work in practice.     

谋生在都市的边缘

这里纪录的,是那些从边远山区来到城市谋生的农民,他们处于城市的底层.     

Making a Life: Getting Ahead,and Getting a Living in Aboriginal New South Wales

ABSTRACT This paper offers an ethnographically grounded examination of the intersections between work, employment and identity for Indigenous people living in a country town in far western New South Wales, Australia. It argues that work, employment and labour are locally deployed categories that meet mainstream discourse in a precarious fashion and, that this disjunction has clear material and ideological repercussions. For most Aboriginal people in Wilcannia, you are who you are, not by virtue of what you have ‘become’ in any economic, professional or educational sense. Who you are is not a becoming, it is established at birth. These genealogical forms of being through kinship see a construction of self which in many ways is at variance to the standard ‘autonomous self‐regulating individual’ (Sennett 1998:215). This sense of self, for most, is not determined by engagement in the capitalist division of labour; indeed, the greater the engagement in the capitalist economy, the more problematic and fraught a sense of self and of belonging can become.     

从“日自佬”到“民间故事家”——访农民故事家刘德方

年初,我们读了长江三峡民间故事家刘德方传讲的故事选集《野山笑林》后,深深为那些三峡区域特色鲜明、山野风味浓郁的民间故事所吸引,以至爱不释手。最近,我们获悉湖北民间文化部门已正式授予刘德方“民间故事讲述家”称号,作为民间文化的研究者,心情十分激动,为我国又添一位“民间故事讲述家”而高兴。近日,我们怀着对这位民间故事讲述家的钦佩之情,专程赶往宜昌采访了这位农民故事家。