An Engraved Chalk Plaque from Hanging Cliff, Kilham

An engraved chalk plaque found in the fill of a Roman ditch at Kilham, North Yorkshire bore decoration akin to that on some Grooved Ware pottery. A case is made for its inclusion within a small series of similar plaques of likely Late Neolithic date.     

Virgil's Fourth Eclogue and the Eleusinian Mysteries 1

This article argues that Virgil's Fourth Eclogue can in part be understood in light of the influence of the Eleusinian Mysteries on Roman religion. In particular, it argues that the child can be compared with Ploutos and that the return of the Virgo reflects the myth of Persephone. The myths of Demeter at Eleusis are assimilated to the Roman myth of a golden age under the rule of Saturnus. The return of Persephone from the Underworld and the birth of the child signify an end to war. The possible significance of the poem to Augustan propaganda is also discussed.     

当阳峪窑剔划花瓷器

剔划花瓷器是当阳峪窑富有特色的品种,也是“磁州窑型”瓷器最精美的品种之一。当阳峪窑剔划花瓷器生产跨越宋、金两个时期,类型多样,工艺精美,尤以黑地剔划白花、三彩剔划花等制品最具特色;在同时期北方窑场中,当阳峪窑以及磁州窑可能是剔划花瓷器生产更为集中、装饰技法与装饰风格发展得更为全面和充分的窑场。本文在窑址调查的基础上,参照现台磁州窑发掘资料并结合传世器,对当阳峪窑剔划花瓷器的类型、工艺、时代以及与磁州窑同类制品的关系等,作了初步探讨。     

Reception,wit, and the unity of Virgil's Georgics 1

This essay considers the ways in which the reception of Virgil's Georgics in eighteenth-century English verse may inform, enrich and complicate present-day readings of Virgil, focusing on questions raised by readers’ detection of wit or humorousness in Virgil and by the critical aim of discovering poetic unity in the Georgics.     

踏着历史的痕迹土耳其考古遗址之旅

位于欧、亚交界处的土耳其,是同时拥有东西方文化和历史的国度,几乎各个时代伟大的文明都曾在此碰撞出历史的火花。土耳其拥有风格各异的文化和自然遗产,众多的名胜古迹和自然景观形成了一片片如梦似幻的美景。其中,考古遗址最具特色,特洛伊考古遗址、艾菲斯古城遗址等享誉世界。     

乾隆与石鼓文

作者根据乾清宫旧藏石鼓文和相关的御制诗文,梳理出弘历传拓石鼓、考证鼓文和新编,重刻石鼓几件史事。说明他本人对石鼓怀有浓厚兴趣,奉之为"千秋法物",同时他也从石鼓得到启发,一再阐明"述古兴贤"、"述古传今"、"重道崇文"的文治思想,并提出了保护、重刻和异地放置石鼓的具体办法。由此也推动了乾嘉考证学的发展。     

汉画像砖石的考古学释读

本文从全新的角度释读汉画像砖石,指出正确认识汉画像砖石的四原则:一是三维空间的角度,即从空间场景或“透视”的角度,来解读汉画像砖石;二是“自下而上,自右而左”的顺序,甚或是自下而上、自右而左的“连环画式”(或称“过程式”)的解读顺序;三是整体思维的观念,包括画面局部、各块画像砖石、画像砖石与墓葬建筑之间,以及墓葬、祠堂、汉阙等墓葬建筑组合等;四是综合考察法,应联系汉代人们的生活习俗、哲学观念、思想认识、社会经济发展、当时的建筑技术水平等,结合古代文献,尤其应密切联系当前的考古学成果等加以综合考察.文章结合古代典籍、考古发掘实物资料和现代论著等,进行了系统的分析和论证.     

Engraved ochre from a Middle Stone Age context at Klein Kliphuis in the Western Cape of South Africa

This paper reports on a piece of engraved ochre recovered from a Middle Stone Age context at the rock shelter site of Klein Kliphuis (Western Cape, South Africa). The ochre was associated with a mixed assemblage of Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort MSA artefacts, suggesting that it is substantially younger than similar finds at Blombos Cave. The implications of the find for arguments concerning the nature of Late Pleistocene behavioural evolution are discussed.     

Lead anchor-stock cores from Tektas Burnu, Turkey

Four sets of lead anchor-stock cores have been found recently on the 5th-century BCE Greek shipwreck at Tektag Burnu, Turkey. The anchor type these cores represent was the earliest departure from the use of stone in anchor construction. Scholars have dated this technological advance to c . 400 BCE, but the Tektas Burnu cores now indicate that the anchor type already existed in the third quarter of the 5th century BCE.     

An assessment of the technology level and knowledge intensity of regions in Turkey

The paper investigates the patterns of technology and knowledge of the regions. The first aim of the paper is to determine cluster templates at the national level. The second aim of the paper is to investigate the technology and knowledge composition of the regional highpoint clusters. The paper identifies patterns of industrial linkages to define cluster templates and regional highpoints. The second part uncovers regional distributions of technology and knowledge. The data comes from Turkey’s 2012 input–output table. The location quotients use industrial employment statistics from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The technological and knowledge intensity classification follows Eurostat. The findings reveal 10 cluster templates in Turkey. Spatial distribution of the highpoint clusters reveals that most regions contain highpoint clusters with low technology and low knowledge-intensive sectors. The results reveal that highpoint clusters in Turkey’s regions contain industries whose technologies do not demand high skills, knowledge and sophistication. Limited existence of high-tech industries and low knowledge intensity in Turkey’s industry composition is a limiting factor for transition to high value-added manufacturing. Special emphasis should be directed towards constructing regional advantage, given the current levels of technology and knowledge intensity.     

双轮双铧犁与中国新式农具推广工作

20世纪50年代,党和政府在领导农村进行社会主义改造、发展农业生产的过程中,积极推动农业生产工具的改良和改革,双轮双铧犁作为主要的新式农具之一,经历了试验推广、重点推广和全面推广的过程。根据不同地区的具体情况和农机工业状况,中央有关部委制定了一系列指导政策和落实措施,坚持重点示范、稳步推广的原则,统一生产计划和规格,制定管理办法,强化生产质量管理和修配,增设工作机构和推广站,改进经营服务,逐步提高了产品质量,一度促进了双轮双铧犁的推广使用。     

试析1918-1920年英国对土耳其的政策——兼论《色佛尔条约》的艰难出台

本文通过探讨1918—1920年间英国对土耳其采取的激进政策,集中分析了英国政府试图主导战后中近东局势,以有利于自己的方式解决土耳其问题的意图;深入阐释和论述了英国在政策实施过程中遇到的诸多矛盾,如土耳其民族主义运动的奋起抵抗,战时盟友法国和意大利在关键时刻的釜底抽薪,英国内阁的意见分歧等;进而揭示和论证了英国调整对土耳其政策的原因,论证了《色佛尔条约》成为战后最难产和约的原因。     

Characterisation of archaeological mortars and plasters from kyme (Turkey)

The present study focuses on the compositional characterisation of Roman, proto-Byzantine and Medieval mortars, sampled in the archaeological site of Kyme (Turkey), an Aeolian city, founded in the middle of the XI century BC by Greek populations. The mortars were studied through elemental (SEM-EDS, XRF), mineralogical (XRPD, De Astis calcimeter) and petrographic (polarised optical microscopy) analysis. The comparison between the samples allowed us to emphasise compositional differences within mortars of the same historical period.In particular, we detected the prevalent use of cocciopesto, which was used as a pozzolanic additive to create hydraulic mortars in the Roman and Byzantine period. The cocciopesto was used to improve the technological properties of an initially slaked lime. Furthermore, compositional similarities allowed us to attribute an unknown sample to the Roman period. Our study also pointed out the fact that the lower quality mortars belonged to the Medieval period. As a matter of fact, the most friable sample belonging to the Middle Ages turned out to be a mixture of clay, lime and volcanic sand.     

Poppies for medicine in Afghanistan: lessons from India and Turkey

This study examines India and Turkey as case studies relevant to the Senlis Council’s ‘poppies for medicine’ proposal. The proposal is that Afghan farmers are licensed to produce opium for medical and scientific purposes. Here it is posited that the Senlis proposal neglects at least three key lessons from the Turkish and Indian experiences. First, not enough weight has been given to diversion from licit markets, as experienced in India. Second, both India and Turkey had significantly more efficient state institutions with authority over the licensed growing areas. Third, the proposal appears to overlook the fact that Turkey’s successful transition was largely due to the use of the poppy straw method of opium production. It is concluded that, while innovative and creative policy proposals such as that of the Senlis proposal are required if Afghanistan is to move beyond its present problems, ‘poppies for medicine’ does not withstand evidence-based scrutiny.