REGIONAL PATTERNS OF MEDICAL CARE AVAILABILITY IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION

This paper analyzes patterns of change in the regional availability of medical care resources in the former Soviet Union for selected years from 1940 to 1989 by examining the relationships among the supplies of physicians, mid-level medical personnel, and hospital beds. Data from economic handbooks, the 1989 health handbook, and unpublished Goskomstat USSR statistics are used to construct composite (ratio) indices of medical care availability for oblast-level units. Maps of these indices reveal that distinct medical resources regions existed in the former Soviet Union in 1989.     

GOVERNMENT CARE FOR PEOPLE

OnApril27,1984,thegovemmentofthelibetAutonomousRegionmadepublicanine-pointmeasureforrelievingtheburdenoffarmersandherdsmenandpromotingareomicdevelopmentinagriculturalandpastoralareas.Thefollowingisthefulltestofthenine-pointmeasure.NoticeofthePeople'sGover…     

CARE FOR QINGHAI-TIBET RAILWAY BUILDERS

The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, extending 1,118 km and lying at an average elevation of some 3,000 meters above sea level, includes a 965 km section at 4,000 meters and a 140 km part at 5,000 meters. The highest railway bed, found in the Tanggula Mountain Pass, is 5,072 meters above sea level. The oxygen content in the air is 38-46 percent less than in the plains. Scarcity of oxygen and low atmospheric pressure affects human health and working ability, causing low wor…     

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN WESTERN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES: AN AGENDA FOR MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

The range of health and health care topics amenable to geographical analyses in Western industralized countries has increased tremendously in the past two decades. These studies of health care systems have focused on the health organization, delivery, and utilization of biomed-ical services, however, to the virtual exclusion of analyses of a wide variety of alternative approaches to health and healing in these countries. This lacuna is regrettable in view of the fact that people's health care behaviour suggests that medical pluralism is a persisting reality in the industrialized countries. There is indeed a coexistence of biomedicine with several alternative therapies and, in recent years, there has been resurgence in the popularity and use of alternative medicine.     

RESEARCH NOTES AND APPLICATION REPORTS A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR DATA LOGGING IN GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING

A system is described whereby readings from an earth resistance meter may be recorded automatically on a small portable computer. Field tests have demonstrated that the system is more reliable and more economical than manual recording, and that the results may be processed quickly and conveniently into their final form.     

对西藏清代藏银铸币衡制与成色的疑问

衡制、平色是研究金属货币的基础和重要组成部分。关于清代西藏银币是否采用统一的货币计量衡制与平色说法不一。一说清代两藏地方政府铸造银币衡制均为中央库平,“两藏钱币自始至终所使用的衡制,与中央完全一致”。     

A RADAR POSITION-FIXING SYSTEM FOR MARINE MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS

A radar position-fixing instrument utilized in a marine archaeological magnetometer survey system is discussed. The position-fixing system provides highly accurate location data for each magnetometer reading and display for navigation purposes on a track plotter. The data is recorded automatically on magnetic tape.     

黑河流域居民生活质量研究

以《Calvert-Henderson生活质量指标》一书为理论指导构建了生活质量评价指标体系,通过开展生活质量问卷调查及查找相关统计资料,运用主成分分析法确定指标的权重,研究了我国西北地区第二大内陆河流域-黑河流域城乡居民2004年的生活质量。具体的评价结果是:黑河流域城镇居民生活质量明显高于农村;黑河流域城市居民生活质量表现出中游高于上游和下游;黑河流域农村居民生活质量以乡镇为单位计算差异显著;黑河流域农村居民生活质量中游略好于上游、下游;影响黑河流域城乡居民生活质量的主要因素是收入、教育和住房。     

INTEGRATED PASSIVE-ACTIVE SYSTEM FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION OF A CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

This paper presents an integrated passive-active (i.e. hybrid) system for seismic response control of a cable-stayed bridge. Since multiple control devices are operating, a hybrid control system could alleviate some of the restrictions and limitations that exist when each system is acting alone. Lead rubber bearings are used as passive control devices to reduce the earthquake-induced forces in the bridge and hydraulic actuators are used as active control devices to further reduce the bridge responses, especially deck displacements. In the proposed hybrid control system, a linear quadratic Gaussian control algorithm is adopted as a primary controller. In addition, a secondary bang-bang type (i.e. on-off type) controller according to the responses of lead rubber bearings is considered to increase the controller robustness. Numerical simulation results show that control performances of the integrated passive-active control system are superior to those of the passive control system and are slightly better than those of the fully active control system. Furthermore, it is verified that the hybrid control system with a bang-bang type controller is more robust for stiffness perturbation than the active controller with a μ-synthesis method, and there are no signs of instability in the over-all system whereas the active control system with linear quadratic Gaussian algorithm shows instabilities in the perturbed system. Therefore, the proposed hybrid protective system could effectively be used for seismically excited cable-stayed bridges.     

武汉市养老设施空间可达性分析

基于Arcgis平台,以第六次人口普查数据为基础,以乡镇街道为分析单元,采用具有不同有效服务半径的改进的潜能模型对武汉市养老设施空间可达性进行测算。结果表明,改进的潜能模型能合理地评价武汉市养老设施空间可达性,有效判断养老设施稀缺程度;养老设施空间可达性从武汉市东南地区向四周逐渐递减;距市中心越远,乡镇街道养老设施空间可达性越低。文章直观揭示武汉市各乡镇街道养老设施空间可达性差异,有效判别武汉市各乡镇街道养老设施稀缺程度,为养老设施空间配置、优化布局提供科学依据。     

THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS IN THE USSR AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has developed a 10-category system for classifying the world's protected natural areas. The present article by two Soviet biogeographers, presented at Unesco's “Man and the Biosphere” conference in Minsk in 1983, analyzes the way in which the Soviet Union's protected areas fall into the classification system devised by the International Union. The article also discusses the types of protected areas found in the USSR, and the functions assigned to each. (The translation is by Philip R. Pryde, San Diego State University.)