舒尔哈齐死因考

舒尔哈齐是明末建州女真兴起史和清朝开国史上具有重要影响的人物,其死因一直是一个谜.本文在利用明清、朝鲜史书记载的基础上,借鉴前人研究成果,得出新的结论:舒尔哈齐之死是与努尔哈赤争夺权力和明朝分化政策综合作用的结果,舒尔哈齐是被囚而致死.     

No and after: options for Europe

The French and Dutch ‘no’ votes in referendums on the European Union Constitutional Treaty have thrown the EU into turmoil. The messages from both referendums are that public dissatisfaction with European integration is widespread and there is a disjuncture between the views of citizens and those of elites. The original purpose of the process that produced the Constitutional Treaty was to bring the EU closer to its citizens. However, the text that was negotiated was an unwieldy document intended to satisfy diverse requirements but difficult to explain concisely. After the completion of negotiations some governments, for reasons of political expediency, took decisions to hold referendums on the treaty, but the future of The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe that took three years to complete is now uncertain. Furthermore, member states are divided about whether to press ahead with ratification after the two recent ‘no’ votes. What is the range of alternatives to member states if they wish to salvage the treaty or component parts? Finding a way through this current situation is the task the British government faces as it takes on the EU presidency from 1 July 2005.     

没有本地的资料就没有本地的历史——在安徽省地方志资料工作会议上的讲话

山东省地方志资料工作会议,今天开得差不多了。卫国贤同志就全省资料工作作了一个很好的报告,有关市县的同志交流了资料工作的好经验,尤其是休宁的同志、肥西的同志介绍得很好。休宁的工作有特色,能把19位状元考证出来,对徽州文化研究是一大贡献,可以说对我们安徽历史文化研究都是一大贡献。关于今后全省地方志资料工作,我讲几点意见。     

凉山州西昌市东坪遗址第二次发掘简报

继1988年四川大学考古专业对东坪遗址第一次发掘之后,2004年底,四川省文物考古研究院联合当地文管部门对遗址进行了第二次发掘。发掘清理出房址、炉址、沙坑、沟、灰坑等多处遗迹,出土可复原的陶罐、陶网坠、石料、铁刀、铁锸等遗物,充分证明了此处遗址为汉代冶铸遗址。     

活字印刷术推广应用迟缓原因探析

活字印刷术早在十一世纪中期就发明了,经历了整整六七个世纪的发展,在这期间,活字印刷虽然在活字的材料、活字的制作工艺以及活字的存放和排版工艺等方面,都在进行着不断的改进,但其推广运用迟缓,在出版业中所占比例一直很低。活字印刷比雕版印刷要优越得多,却迟迟不能代替雕版印刷。本拟从几个方面来分析造成这一特殊现象的原因。     

Yesterday No More

智慧的木木:我是个开餐厅的,29岁,谈过一次恋爱,被男友背叛。一年后他又回头找我,苦苦哀求三四年,我自问对他还是喜欢的,但没法说服自个儿再     

No passion for Brownlow: Models of staffing the presidency

Post‐Watergate critics of the American presidency have directed much attention to the problem of controlling the White House staff. This paper argues that their proposals have ignored an implicit lesson contained in the Brownlow Report of 1937 and that it is unrealistic to build the Cabinet and department secretaries into any model of white House staff functions, particularly as a constraint mechanism on the staff. Such proposals understate the political role of the staff and approaches to reform must search for a political rather than an institutional response.     

In the cause of science

Jane C. Steward and Robert F. Murphy, eds. Evolution and Ecology: Essays in Social Transformation by Julian H. Steward. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. ix +406 pp. Maps, figures, references, biographical notes. $12.95.     

鞠躬尽瘁为乡民--记哇麻村党支部书记补万珠

2005年9月2日,这是一个平常得不能再平常的日子.然而对于龙王山脚下的互助土族自治县丹麻镇哇麻村的土族、藏族村民来说,这一天,却又是那么的不同寻常.因为就在这一天,一个为他们操了36年心,办了数不清好事和实事的村支部书记永远地离开了他们.     

No Taxation Without Negotiation

The article aims at assessing the impact of extra taxes on the Swedish peasantry in the early 16th century in qualitative terms, as reflected in contemporary correspondence letters. While the total tax pressure without doubt rose in the period, the resilience of Swedish peasants was remarkably high. Despite harvest failures, they managed to endure the hardships, largely thanks to their diligent use of the instrument of negotiations over terms and levels of extra taxes and the delicacy with which the Crown exacted them. This can be seen as a reflection of adjustments within the framework of the prevalent medieval system, and an acceptance on both sides of the principle of mutuality.     

须眉男子理妆容——马王堆三号汉墓所见男性梳妆用具

梳妆自古并非女性专利,男性亦须梳妆理冠。迄今为止,考古发现的最早梳妆盒即为男性所使用：湖北枣阳九连墩一号楚墓出土的“便携式”梳妆盒,盒内相应部位凿空,分置着铜镜、     

侵华日军南京1644细菌部队与731部队之关系

经过中日美等国学的艰苦努力,学术界对侵华日军731细菌部队的研究取得了巨大的成绩,有关731部队的细菌研制、活人实验及细菌作战的真相已日益明了。但学术界对另一支十分重要的侵华日军细菌部队南京“荣”1644部队的研究则显得较为薄弱,尽管常石敬一、松村高夫、水谷尚子、近藤昭二、郭成周、高兴祖和王选等中日有关专家学对此都曾进行过相关调查与研究。     

观鸟无小事之“老鸟”被训记

正奇特的语言和文字,从印度洋吹来的温润的风,未知而又丰富的生物,召唤着我,踏进了那滴在印度洋上的泪珠——斯里兰卡。虽然语言文字不同,迎接着不同大洋吹来的风,但是我坚信,对于爱鸟,任何地方的观鸟人都会没有异议地表示赞同。因为只有它们,才能为我们的大自然点缀上最靓丽的一朵会跳跃、会飞翔的花朵。至于我印象最深刻的关于爱鸟的一件事,曾以为,小朋友对爱护鸟类这种事情是还没有概念的,但是我经过这件事之后,发现我错了,这件事在平常人眼中看是一件小事,而在我看来,它的     

Say Yes,Say No

在半数情况下,我的购物和施舍不是因为喜爱和同情,而是因为脸皮薄。不懂得表达拒绝,就像看见了烂泥潭还要踏进去。原因,是总以为自己跳不过去。谁叫我从小到大,一看到别人失望就会不知所措,仿佛做了大逆不道的事。其次是怕鄙视的眼光,把我一锤一锤打进土里去。