20世纪五六十年代美国在香港的意识形态宣传和渗透

20世纪五六十年代,为了将香港打造成为展示西方民主价值观的"橱窗",美国政府开展了多种形式的意识形态宣传和渗透活动。美国通过向香港输出文化产品,援助部分知识分子,公开或隐蔽地推销其社会意识形态,旨在达到促使中国"和平演变"的目标。美国的上述活动影响深远,对当代香港社会和民众心理带来了不容忽视的负面影响,当今香港青年人价值观呈现的西化趋势与冷战时期美国的意识形态宣传和渗透活动不无关系。     

对互联网时代巩固马克思主义意识形态领导权的思考——深入学习习近平总书记关于意识形态工作的重要论述

马克思主义是社会主义国家意识形态的旗帜和灵魂,能否保证马克思主义在意识形态领域的领导权是事关我国前途和命运的关键问题。今天,中国马克思主义意识形态在互联网上遭到诸多西方错误思潮、历史虚无主义和鼓吹西化的公共知识分子的肆意攻击和抹黑。为了捍卫马克思主义意识形态领导权,必须在党内加强马克思主义理论学习,让广大党员干部敢于发声,敢于反击互联网上的一切西方错误思潮,保证意识形态领导权牢牢掌握在真正的马克思主义者手里。与此同时,一方面我们要完善互联网社会治理体系,做到在互联网意识形态领域有法可依,有法必依,维护马克思主义意识形态安全;另一方面,我们的宣传部门和广大党员干部应该积极创新互联网意识形态传播的内容和话语,积极引领互联网舆论流行潮流,从而牢牢掌握互联网时代马克思主义意识形态领导权。     

美国航空冷战政策的缘起、演进和调整(1947—1963)北大核心

冷战格局形成之际,利用国际民用航空实施遏制战略成为美国全球冷战布局的重要环节,此即航空冷战。通过单边和多边相结合的方式,美国构筑了针对苏联和东欧国家民用航空技术与设备的出口管制体系。在民用航线问题上,美国致力于打造限制甚至封锁苏联和东欧国家民用航空活动的所谓“空中铁幕”。基于自身利益的考量,英国等西欧国家从一开始就对美国的航线限制政策持有不同立场,美国试图切断东西方民用航空联系的努力未能如愿。面对国际民用航空的发展及美苏航空技术实力对比的变化,美国最终放弃构建“空中铁幕”的政策图谋。美国航空冷战政策的演进证明,国家利益考量和技术实力对比是决定航空冷战走向和国际民用航空格局的关键因素。     

美国在苏联实施的富布莱特项目(1973-1990)

1973年,富布莱特项目(Fulbright Program)开始在苏联实施,80年代初,由于美苏关系紧张,富布莱特项目趋于停滞。1985年,通过维也纳峰会,美苏双方的富布莱特项目恢复正常。通过富布莱特项目,美国在苏联传播西方的意识形态和价值观,对于苏联的知识分子思想解放产生了不可忽略的影响。     

浅析尼克松政府在1969年“柏林危机”中的政策

1968年12月,苏联就联邦德国即将在1969年3月5日于西柏林举行的联邦大会一事向美方提出强烈抗议,民主德国也准备采取相应措施准备阻挠西德联邦大会的召开。面对这一情况,新上任的尼克松政府决心捍卫美国与联邦德国在西柏林的利益,维护美国在西方阵营的信誉。美国对苏联采取"软硬兼施"的外交策略;加之中苏关系不断恶化,苏联不愿在欧洲挑起争端。从而使得美国成功地化解了一场新的"柏林危机"。     

战后苏美经济合作尝试的失败——兼论经济冷战的起源

二战后期和战后初期,苏美两国都有在战后进行经济合作的构想,并为此进行了一定的尝试.但由于双方对经济合作的考虑各异,特别是由于两国矛盾的发展,罗斯福政府关于战后苏美经济合作的构想没能实现.受政治因素和意识形态因素的影响,杜鲁门政府逐步把向苏联提供经济援助同美国的国家安全联系起来,不仅没有满足苏联方面提出的货款要求,而且还关闭了美国同苏联和东欧社会主义国家发展自由贸易的大门.苏联拒绝参加马歇尔援助计划标志着战后初期苏美经济合作尝试的失败.此后,两国矛盾进一步加剧."莫洛托夫计划"的实施和"巴黎统筹委员会"的建立揭开了东西方经济冷战的序幕.     

从费维恺到德里克——20世纪80年代美国的“中国资本主义萌芽”研究

阿里夫·德里克是西方著名的马克思主义史学家。德里克在20世纪70年代,受到了费维恺译介的中国史学界"资本主义萌芽"研究的影响。在对费维恺等老一辈的美国汉学家的研究进行反思的基础上,德里克格外重视以"资本主义萌芽"为核心的中国经济史研究对于西方中国研究的意义,并给予了中肯的评价,指出"资本主义萌芽"的研究是对西方"中国经济停滞论"的有力回应。德里克同时也认为,在中美学界对这一问题的关注和扬弃的过程中,意识形态的影响是不可忽视的。     

“意识形态领导权”的经典赓续及当代建构

"意识形态领导权"关乎时代兴衰与历史走向,具有很强的历史延续与现实关照。马克思恩格斯从批判虚假的资产阶级意识形态入手,运用历史唯物史观基本原理全面阐发无产阶级的"意识形态领导权"。列宁将马克思主义创始人的无产阶级专政理论运用于俄国实践,彰显"意识形态领导权"在无产阶级革命和国家治理实践中的作用。中国共产党在学习马克思列宁主义与借鉴苏联经验中,加强新时代社会主义意识形态领导权建设,推进中国特色社会主义事业不断前进。     

全球化视野下的中国意识形态构建

随着改革开放和市场经济的建设,当代中国的经济成分多样化,利益分配多元化,对社会主义意识形态提出了严峻的考验。在全球化背景下,我们必须以马克思主义为指导,立足于中国的社会主义实践,在积极批判吸收中国传统历史文化和西方文明成果的基础上,建立具有中国特色社会主义意识形态。努力提高社会主义意识形态对各种思想观念和社会思潮的整合能力,为建设中国特色社会主义提供强大精神动力和思想保证。     

全球化视野下的俄罗斯史学

<正>一般来说,俄罗斯史学发展大致划分为三个时段:1917年前为俄国时期,1917—1991年为苏联时期,1991年后称为俄罗斯联邦时期。苏联史学确立了马克思主义的主导地位,即"俄国十月革命的胜利开辟了世界史学发展中的崭新时期,以马克思主义历史科学的发展和巩固为主要特征,马克思主义史学成为苏联史学中唯一的正统流派"。1苏联马克思主义史学具有以阶级分析方法为主,关注政治史的研究,强调布尔什维克社会主义革命和苏联社会主义建设的历史功绩,否定俄国时期和西方的史学成就等特征。     

Contemporary Migration in the USSR

The predominance of individual migration and a lack of coordination among government agencies result in a situation in which migration in the USSR often works at counter-purposes, with people moving away from areas suffering from a labor shortage and into areas with a labor surplus. A system of economic measures is advocated to optimize Soviet migration patterns. Since differences in living conditions are the basic motive between migration, an effort should be made to establish relationships between region al living standards that would attract migrants to regions with a labor shortage and induce them to settle permanently, instead of taking temporary advantage of high wage rates.     

Geography in higher education in the USSR

Abstract

Soviet geography in higher education stems from a solid tradition long pre‐dating 1917, but in Soviet times the subject's practical relevance to environmental problems has been especially emphasised. University courses are very specialised, yet in certain respects they are also extraordinarily broad by British standards. Geography graduates usually enter either teaching or scientific/ research bodies, to which they are readily suited by their training. The practical emphasis of geographical education, however, occasionally produces certain strains in the discipline.     

Settlement in Lumber-Industry Regions of the USSR

About 80% of the population in Soviet logging and rafting areas is non-urban and lives in 6000 lumbering settlements assigned to the rural category. The majority of these places are small, crude settlements without adequate services that exist for periods of about 20 years until the surrounding timber stands have been depleted. It is suggested that area planning and diversification of forest utilization can improve the settling pattern, working and living conditions and the provision of services through the concentration of population in larger, modern central settlements supplemented by mobile dormitory camps in timber-felling areas situated beyond an optimal commuting distance. Existing and proposed settling patterns are illustrated with particular reference to a logging area in the western Urals.     

Problems of Geographical Education in the USSR

Geography education in the Soviet Union is found to lag behind advances in geography as a research discipline. Courses in both elementary and secondary schools and at the college and university level are overloaded with factual material at the expense of theoretical problems and general concepts. An essential requisite for improving the content of geography education is better training of geography teachers. Soviet geography teachers are now being trained mainly in the combined geography-biology faculties of teachers colleges. Combined training in more than one teaching discipline is essential because a teacher trained in geography alone would not have a full teaching load of 18 hours a week in most schools. However, the geography-biology combination does not appear to be optimal because the emphasis in biology is no longer on botany and zoology, as in the past, but on human physiology and genetics, with less relevance to geography. It is recommended that geography as a teaching discipline be combined with other subjects of instruction having greater relevance to geography teaching, possibly chemistry, physical education or foreign languages. Less emphasis on fact-loaded regional courses and more stress on systematic courses is recommended, together with training in mathematical techniques.     

Prospects of Population Migration in the USSR

The author offers a methodology for estimating inter-regional population flows in the USSR for the next quarter of a century. The method is based on expected regional manpower needs related to a model of the future distribution of production. Corrections are made for expected regional differences in the need for live labor [depending on the level of mechanization], in rates of natural increase and in the degree of mobility of the population of certain regions.     

Social-Demographic Aspects of Urbanization in the USSR

A certain measure of agreement is found between rates of urbanization and industrialization, with the agreement far greater with total growth of urban population than with the concentration of urban population in big cities. This finding is thought to be significant support for those who contend that limitations on big-city growth are desirable and will not have an adverse effect on industrial development. Migration from the countryside continues to be the main source of urbanization, although its significance has greatly declined as natural increase of the urban population has risen. Migration in general is thought to be desirable because it helps redistribute the able-bodied population between the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy and provides a channel for social mobility of rural youth. However, the magnitude and composition of rural-urban migration in some regions is having an adverse effect on the economy and requires more effective regulation.     

Quantitative Regularities in the Urbanization of the USSR

Simple arithmetical formulas are proposed for the study and analysis of urbanization processes. The formulas establish functional relationships between the urbanization level at the beginning of a particular study period, the changes in urban and rural population during the period, and the urbanization level at the end of the period. The relative share of administrative centers and of other urban places in a particular major civil division in total urban population is also considered. Different types of urbanization processes are discussed and plotted on a graphic-analytical model (nomogram). Contrary to general assumption, it is found that in the USSR it is not the very large cities (500,000 and over) that are increasingly concentrating urban population, but the next lowest size class (100,000–500,000). Further research into urbanization processes in particular spatial settlement systems is urged.