从温县盟书谈中国古代盟誓制度

所谓盟誓 ,指人们用言辞共相约束。盟誓的言辞 ,《左传》称之为“载书”。盟与誓有时是有差别的。《礼记·曲礼》说 :“约信曰誓 ,莅牲曰盟。”盟是两个人、两个集团及其以上之间的行为 ,通常采用神秘的仪式。就是说举行盟礼 ,要杀牲歃血以表示神圣与庄重。中国古代对血有所崇拜 ,先民有血祭的习俗 ,牲血被认为有避除邪恶的功能。一件器物新成 ,要涂以牲血叫“衅”。盟誓用口饮血 ,叫“歃血” ,是取信于神的一种仪式。盟多由掌权者主持 ,称为“盟主” ,而且盟是用于加强外交 ,巩固内部秩序的重要手段。誓则常见于军旅主帅誓师、祭祀、诉讼及…     

Recent research into revivalist movements in Finland

The introductory essay contrasts the violent 1968 uprisings in Paris, Berlin, New York and other cities with the comparatively low‐key ways of the revolt or radicalization in the Scandinavian countries, brought about by the attitude of radicals and authorities alike. It is argued that whereas the level of violence was low in Scandinavia, the effects of ‘1968’ have been at least as far‐reaching as in other Western countries, where sixties radicals were less easily co‐opted into mainstream society and polity. Another distinguishing trait of the Scandinavian ‘1968’ is the role of socialism, and especially Leninism. The essay summarizes the content of the articles in the Special Issue. On the basis of the four country overviews it is noticed that there is still some way to go before the movement from memory to history is completed. The articles in this Special Issue are evidence of the progress, however, and represent a milestone on the road to maturity of research on the sixties radicalization in Scandinavia.     

Manoeuvring men: masculinity as spatially defined readability at the grandes manoeuvres of the Belgian army, 1882–1883

This article uses the case study of the Belgian grandes manoeuvres of 1882 and 1883 to explore the ways in which self-defined ‘all male’ spaces can contribute to the study and deconstruction of historical masculinities. Using the manoeuvres of the Belgian army at the end of the nineteenth century as a theatre of (military as well as civilian) corporeal and discursive practices, the simultaneous enactment of masculinity and nation is analysed. The material spaces in which these military exercises took place are understood as contingent creators instead of passive containers of masculinity: that is, rather than as a passive background to soldiers' movements, the champ de manoeuvres appears as an active stage, aiding the construction of a gendered military identity, but also challenging dichotomous understandings of gender. Likewise, the gaze upon both landscape and soldiers by different audiences plays an active part in the story of the construction of masculinity and nation: the act of recognition, performed by male and female civilians, during and after the manoeuvres was crucial for the continuous repetition of the discourse that created and upheld notions of ‘man’ and of ‘Belgium’.     

A new military history of the Italian Risorgimento and Anti-Risorgimento: the case of ‘transnational soldiers’

The article discusses new studies of foreign soldiers in the Italian armed groups of the (Anti-)Risorgimento against the background of recent scholarship on ‘transnational soldiers’, which acknowledges the complexities of foreigners' initial motives for enlistment and of the transnational processes inside the single armies. The article suggests that from the mundane structures of military life to the perceptions of the rank-and-file, many aspects of the soldiering experience in the multinational armed groups on all sides of the Risorgimento actually advanced rather than obviated national boundaries. This paper further demonstrates that the military cultures of the nationalists and the anti-unity forces were much more porous and mutually constitutive than is often recognised. The histories of the ‘transnational soldiers’ in the armed groups of the Risorgimento and Anti-Risorgimento are crucial for a possibly new, comparative history of the armed groups of the (Anti-)Risorigmento. This paper explores approaches of the culturally revived ‘new military history’ and suggests that it provides much still unrealised potential for Risorgimento historiography.     

“正心诚意”：南京国民政府时期公民宣誓刍议

基于孙中山宣誓观的影响以及对基层社会管控和公民行使"四权"前提的考量,南京国民政府多次颁布相关法规对公民宣誓的条件、程序、誓词和仪式作出规定。在推行地方自治和选举国民大会代表过程中,公民宣誓呈现明显的阶段性。但在党治文化的影响下,公民主体难以培育,公民意识无法培养,这使得公民宣誓的效果大打折扣。     

The battle of London (1554) – reconstructing a renaissance battlefield

Abstract

The confrontation outside London (7 February 1554) between the rebel army of Sir Thomas Wyatt and forces loyal to Queen Mary Tudor has been frequently characterized as a bloodless contest of will rather than a military conflict. This view, however, fails to account for the action’s wider significance in the study of Tudor warfare, a field arguably distorted by the limited number of battles fought within the sixteenth-century British Isles. Furthermore, the encounter is unusually well-documented by written narratives, while its location ensures that the battlefield is depicted on several near-contemporary and subsequent maps, providing opportunities for more detailed investigation through terrain reconstruction. This article will use methodologies of map regression to define the historic landscape of the battle, permitting tactical-level consideration of the engagement and helping to discern the site’s archaeological potential. By doing so, it will also facilitate a reassessment of the battle’s key events and implications.     

Hindcasting the Japanese Military Base on Midway Atoll (Central Pacific)

Abstract

The Battle of Midway (4–7 June 1942) was the turning point of World War II in the Pacific. Not only did the battle cost the Japanese Navy four of its fleet carriers, it also thwarted Japanese hopes of establishing a seaplane base there. Midway, in conjunction with another in the Aleutians, was to be the anchor of Japan’s eastern defence perimeter. Drawing on an analysis of the Japanese military base on Kiska (Aleutians) this paper reconstructs what equipment the Japanese had destined to be placed on Midway. A comparison with the well-documented Japanese bases on Micronesian atolls allows us to hindcast the appearance of a base that never was.     

试析春秋盟誓对春秋时人的影响及时人对盟誓与盟主的评价

本文依据《左传》等史料 ,对春秋时期盟誓对时人的影响 ,以及时人对盟誓和盟主的评价进行了分析 ,认为它突出表现在春秋时人常称引某些盟誓 ,而其对盟誓的态度表现为或赞扬、或批评、或失望 ,对盟主的态度表现为设定了许多成为盟主的不同标准。     

Failure of corporation: notaries public in medieval Bruges

The puzzling absence of guilds of notaries public in northern Europe has long taxed the explanatory powers of historians. Differences in social and economic conditions between the south and north seem insufficient explanations, particularly in fourteenth-century Bruges, a commercial center quite analogous to southern European cities. Using two Bruges notaries as case studies, it is clear that differences in the nature of notarial work were also important in the failure of notarial corporation. Notaries drew upon a wide clientele including both church and state institutions, and by the very breadth of their activities, notaries in Bruges guaranteed their individual independence.     

The Stone Age of northern Scandinavia: A review

Throughout most of the Stone Age, which covers the time period between ca. 10,000 and ca. 3500 B.P., the majority of groups in northern Scandinavia was hunter-fishers with a strong orientation toward the coastal environments. Three areas, southwestern and northern Norway and northern Sweden, have been singled out for more detailed discussions of the social and cultural developments in different types of marine environments. Differences can be discerned between the societies in the southern and those in the northern regions, as the northern groups seem to have developed more complex social and cultural systems than in the south. These differences have been related partly to a greater emphasis on maritime sea hunting in the north. Agriculture was introduced twice. The first time, in the early Neolithic, agriculture was tried but apparently did not manage to compete with better-adapted local hunting-fishing practices. The second time, in the late middle Neolithic, agriculture resulted in drastic social, economic, and cultural changes.