An Ethnography of Teaching Archaeology

The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it refers to the ethics and logos of my courses in archaeology of the Near East and Israel attended by both Jewish and Arab students whose spatialisation of history and memory is different. The courses cover two periods: a—from prehistory to about 1,000 B.C; b—Christian and Muslim eras. Although these courses put much emphasis on Israel, the major sites of the Near East are well represented. Second, this article delineates some problems in the epistemology of Israeli archaeology, especially the slender consideration given to recent postmodern attitudes. Third, this article maps out an alternative way of teaching archaeology in contested regions such as Israel where different communities have their own mappings of the past. This alternative way provides the students with tools to evaluate the creation of knowledge about the past, and to reflect on their own social and relative positions in Israeli society. Dedicated to my teacher and friend, the late Prof. Moshe Kochavi     

后现代史学语境下的考古学

简要叙述了后现代史学的兴起、内涵和意义,探讨了后现代史学对考古学的影响。并指出,作为文本的考古资料具有相当多的主观性,本土化的中国考古学业已存在着后现代史学思想倾向。     

西方考古学文化概念的演变

文化概念在西方考古学一个多世纪的发展历史,经历了一个从无副有．再到被扬弃的变化过程。在当代西方考古学中,“文化”已经不再是一个很重要的词汇。“风格”（style）,“认同”（identity）。“族群”（ethnicity）等概念成为西方考古学者分析考古材料区域特征的主要术语。这些术语被用来探讨物质文化所反映的区域差异和社会界限。与欧美考古学相比,中国考古学界虽然有关于文化因素分析的探讨,对文化概念本身基本上没有太多的争论,并完全错过了西方考古学过去三十年来有关风格的大讨论。西方考古学界对文化概念的扬弃过程值得中国考古界深思。     

当代西方考古学研究范式述评

托马斯.库恩认为范式是指科学共同体的信念,这种共同的信念建立在某种公认并成为传统的重大科学成就(如牛顿的万有引力说、达尔文的进化论等等)基础上,为共同体成员提供把握研究对象的概念框架、一套理论和方法论信条,一个可供仿效的解题范例,它规定了一定时期中这门科学的发展     

Who Was First? Nationalism in Slovak and Hungarian Archaeology and History

This paper critically examines several examples of theories, which represent polemical Hungarian and Slovak positions, and consider the socio-historical and conceptual roots of problematical contrasting interpretations. Slovaks and Hungarians (Magyars) lived until 1918 in a common state for about 1000 years. Today, archaeologists and historians working in different countries are concerned with different questions and offer very different interpretations of the past. A case in point is the issue of the arrival of Slavs and Magyars to the Middle Danube region. Although it is, in general, agreed that the Magyars came into the region over 350 years after the arrival of the Slavs, some Hungarians scientists emphasize a so-called “double occupation” of homeland having to do with relationships between the Magyars and the Huns. In contrast, we can find in the Slovak archaeological literature arguments concerning the “presence” of Slavs in the territory of Slovakia already in the fourth century (or even earlier), that is, before the Huns.      

良渚文明兴衰的生态史观

环境考古学的发展为讨论良渚文化的衰亡开拓了新的思路。然而,环境论者在表述论点时,常常会片面地强调外界环境变化对文化发展影响,显得过于机械化和简单化。从地理学和考古学的基础研究入手,深入地阐述了环境考古学的理论基础,提出生态史观是研究良渚文明兴衰的有效方法。通过对良渚文化系统动态分析,认为良渚文明的兴衰是其系统中各因素相互作用的结果,而良渚文化的衰亡是因为人地关系紧张,造成了系统的紊乱。     

考？古？

每一个学科能够独立于学科之林都有其存在的理由。学科的意义从某种意义上说或许是一个空泛的概念,但它会作为一个疑问随着学习的深入会轮回地出现。因此,本文试图从考古学与人类学及历史学的关系入手,追溯三门学科的历史并进行简要对比,从而对考古学的现实意义（特别是由“关系”而产生的各种意义）获得某一层面的认识。并希望通过这样的思考。而更加清醒地认识考古学的研究对象和研究方法。     

“正当的历史观”:论李济的考古学研究与民族主义

张光直曾指出,李济的考古学研究在以下几个方面产生了"特别深远的影响":坚持使用第一手科学取得的经验材料、主张考古遗物的分类应以可定量的有形的东西为基础、从文化人类学的观点出发对考古资料作解释、不把对中国问题研究的视野局限于中     

Negara Ubud: The Theatre‐state in Twenty‐first‐century Bali

In his book Negara: The Theatre‐state in Nineteenth‐century Bali (1980), Clifford Geertz argued that ceremonial display, rather than material power, was the real basis and indeed the purpose of pre‐colonial states in Bali, and by extension South East Asia. This article argues, on the basis of historical and ethnographic evidence from one of these kingdoms, that he was largely wrong about pre‐colonial Bali, but that, ironically and presciently, his model makes increasing sense in early twenty‐first century Bali. The article also discusses the reasons for this and finally suggests a more dynamic model based on Bourdieu’s metaphor of material and symbolic capital, which seeks to bring Geertz’s essentially static model to historical life.     

当代西方史学变革影响下的古典文明史研究

当代史学变革对西方古典文明史研究产生了重要的影响,使之研究领域和史料来源不断扩大,研究重心逐渐下移,与相关学科的联系日益加强,并在社会文化史的诸方面取得了明显的进展。然而,我们应当正确地对待传承与创新、宏观与微观、历史叙述与分析的关系,并处理好历史编纂中精英与大众以及重大的历史事件与民众日常生活的关系,从而把古典文明史研究进一步向前推进。     

从凝望到屹立——三代考古人情缘和成长的故事

1964年,张忠培在导师苏秉琦先生的指导下完成了《元君庙仰韶墓地》著作(1983年文物出版社出版)。2005年赵宾福在导师张忠培先生的指导下完成了《中国东北地区夏至战国时期的考古学文化研究》著作(2009年科学出版社出版)。从苏秉琦到张忠培,从张忠培到赵宾福,三代考古人情缘和成长的故事反映了中国考古事业薪火相传,一步步走向成熟。从1964年张忠培先生在北京大学凝望苏秉琦先生的背影,到2009年张忠培先生在赵宾福的著作中再次清晰地看到了依然屹立的已故苏秉琦大师的形象,之间相隔45年!这45年,也是在世界考古学界终于有了考古学上的"中国版"的45年!     

Earthquakes and archaeology

This article examines the use of archaeological evidence for the assessment of historical earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region and Middle East, long before the advent of modern seismology. We ask the questions when and where have large earthquakes happened in the past? How can this evidence contribute to our scientific understanding of earthquake activity? Is it possible on literary and archaeological grounds to distinguish between earthquake damage and damage from other causes? It is found that archaeological evidence for an earthquake is not always clear or unambiguous and that there is a need for collaboration between archaeologists, historians, geologists, engineering seismologists and workers in other disciplines, to evaluate the traces of earthquakes in excavations, both for understanding their effects at the site and for the information they can provide about the nature of the earthquake implicated.     

A history of NASA remote sensing contributions to archaeology

During its long history of developing and deploying remote sensing instruments, NASA has provided scientific data that have benefitted a variety of scientific applications among them archaeology. Multispectral and hyperspectral instruments mounted on orbiting and sub-orbital platforms have provided new and important information for the discovery, delineation and analysis of archaeological sites worldwide. Since the early 1970s, several of the ten NASA centers have collaborated with archaeologists to refine and validate the use of active and passive remote sensing for archaeological use. The Stennis Space Center (SSC), located in Mississippi USA has been the NASA leader in archaeological research. Together with colleagues from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), SSC scientists have provided the archaeological community with useful images and sophisticated processing that have pushed the technological frontiers of archaeological research and applications. Successful projects include identifying prehistoric roads in Chaco canyon, identifying sites from the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery exploration, and assessing prehistoric settlement patterns in southeast Louisiana. The Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) stimulated commercial companies to collect archaeological data. At present, NASA formally solicits “space archaeology” proposals through its Earth Science Directorate and continues to assist archaeologists and cultural resource managers in doing their work more efficiently and effectively. This paper focuses on passive remote sensing and does not consider the significant contributions made by NASA active sensors. Hyperspectral data offers new opportunities for future archaeological discoveries.     

The Construction of Soviet Ethnography and “The Peoples of Siberia”

The multi-generation book project \"The Peoples of Siberia\" enabled a group of Leningrad-based scholars to reshape their museum into a Soviet ethnographic community. This article analyses the face-to-face performances, the legalistic stenographic documentation, the collective crafting of a single authoritative style, and a unique temporal frame as an important background to understand a hallmark volume in Siberian studies. The authors argue that the published volume indexes nearly thirty years of scholarly debates as much as it indexes the peoples it represents. The article concludes with a critical discussion of how this volume was translated and received by a Euro-American readership influencing the perception of Siberian peoples internationally. It also links the volume to contemporary post-Soviet publication projects which seem to retrace the same path. The article is based on extensive archival work and references collections recently discovered and which are presented for publication here for the first time.     

评何炳松对西方史学理论和方法论的译介

何炳松是较早倡导西方史学理论和方法论的学者。他率先将美国鲁滨逊的“新史学”理论和方法论向国人作较为全面系统的介绍 ,又结合中国传统史学理论 ,对西方史学中的史学学科理论进行译介和阐释 ;在使西方史学和民族史学相结合方面作出了种种努力。但他未能完全熔铸成自己新的学理 ,其学术思想中西方史学理论部分和中国传统史学理论部分仍处于脱节状态