THE USE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION IN THE STUDY OF FLINT ARTEFACTS

A method is described for the identification of the origin of flint artefacts. The method is based on the variation in the trace element concentrations for different origins. The trace element concentrations were determined by non-destructive neutron activation analysis. The identification was obtained from a pattern recognition analysis.     

THE SCIENTIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL JET-LIKE ARTEFACTS

Jet has been widely used in the past for jewellery but was just one of a range of black lithic materials employed. When worked into small objects these materials can be visually indistinguishable, yet discrimination is important because of the restricted occurrence of jet. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a rapid non-destructive discriminatory technique, but not all samples are clearly classified, and inhomogeneity may pose problems. A reassessment of the use of XRF is reported. Other techniques considered include electron spin resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-radiography. These were tested on geological materials to define an effective methodology for archaeological material. The recommended approach is a combination of XRF and X-radiography, although preliminary Fourier transform infrared results showed promise. The X-ray techniques were tested on Romano-British assemblages from Catterick and Stanwick.     

居民家庭旅游消费行为初探

居民家庭旅游行为是一种特殊的消费行为,本文根据长春市居民家庭消费行为的有关调查资料对影响长春市居民家庭旅游消费行为的因素进行了分析探讨,并说明了居民家庭旅游消费行为研究的重大意义。     

SUBJECTIVITY AS A NON-TEXTUAL STANDARD OF INTERPRETATION IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Contemporary caution against anachronism in intellectual history, and the currently momentous theoretical emphasis on subjectivity in the philosophy of mind, are two prevailing conditions that set puzzling constraints for studies in the history of philosophical psychology. The former urges against assuming ideas, motives, and concepts that are alien to the historical intellectual setting under study, and combined with the latter suggests caution in relying on our intuitions regarding subjectivity due to the historically contingent characterizations it has attained in contemporary philosophy of mind. In the face of these conditions, our paper raises a question of what we call non-textual (as opposed to contextual) standards of interpretation of historical texts, and proceeds to explore subjectivity as such a standard. Non-textual standards are defined as (heuristic) postulations of features of the world or our experience of it that we must suppose to be immune to historical variation in order to understand a historical text. Although the postulation of such standards is often so obvious that the fact of our doing so is not noticed at all, we argue that the problems in certain special cases, such as that of subjectivity, force us to pay attention to the methodological questions involved. Taking into account both recent methodological discussion and the problems inherent in two de facto denials of the relevance of subjectivity for historical theories, we argue that there are good grounds for the adoption of subjectivity as a nontextual standard for historical work in philosophical psychology.     

PROBLEMS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THEIR GLOBAL ASPECT

The dean of Moscow University's Geography Faculty, a physical geographer, takes issue with alarmist predictions of an environmental deterioration and contends that modern technology will find ways of protecting the environment against pollution. Modern cities, which are among the principal sources of pollution, are taking steps to preserve the urban environment by the increased planting of greenery and the systematic installation of waste treatment facilities for noxious industries. Natural processes are found to have a surprising ability to adapt themselves to new conditions and thus play a more important role than generally assumed in restoring the chemical equilibrium of the natural environment. The cost of environmental protection is undoubtedly rising, and an effort at arms limitation is urged to make the necessary money available. The threat of an exhaustion of energy sources is discounted on the ground that new nonpolluting sources of energy are likely to be developed as fossil fuels approach depletion.     

A DISCIPLINED ENVIRONMENT: PENAL REFORM IN THE EAST RIDING HOUSE OF CORRECTION

Abstract

This article is a contribution to the debate on the development of institutions in England during the I9th century. This is made through an examination of the House of Correction, located in Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire, (I8IO-I877). Imprisonment became a more disciplined and ‘total’ experience during this period. This is evident in the use of the treadwheel, in a monotonous and more uniform diet, in the system of punishments and in the development of a disciplined staff. However, the speed and completeness of these developments depended upon the priority given to the prison by different local authorities and the reformative techniques that were adopted. In a comparison between Beverley and Hull, the nearest large town, evidence suggests that the internal prison discipline and the external social discipline encouraged by and represented in the system and personnel of local government, were closely linked.     

新疆脆弱生态区综合分类及分析

本结合新疆实际,对新疆15个地州进行了脆弱生态区的类型划分。首先建立指标体系,然后借助脆弱度模型和聚类分析方法分别对新疆15个地州的自然条件和经济状况进行分析。得出新疆脆弱生态区的分类结果,按照优劣等级排列为：一类,乌鲁木齐市、石河子市;二类,克拉玛依市、吐鲁番地区、巴州;三类,哈密地区;四类。伊犁地区;五类。塔城地区、博州、阿勒泰地区、昌吉州;六类,喀什地区、和田地区、阿克苏地区、克州。其中经济区位占优势,自然生态环境良好或自然资源丰富的地区是新疆脆弱生态区中极具发展潜力,应该优先发展的地区。     

A LOW DILUTION,WAVELENGTH-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE PROCEDURE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ROCK ARTEFACTS

A method is described for the analysis of archaeological rock artefacts which provides major and trace element data. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) analysis of 2:1 fusion beads permits the accurate and precise measurement of a wide range of elements. Accuracy and precision are nominally 1-5% for elements having concentrations above 3 times the detection limit. The method requires a much smaller sample size than conventional WDXRF procedures and has been successfully used to characterise early millstones; a number of other applications in archaeology are suggested here.