拜上帝教新论

拜上帝教新论张晓思,胡维革太平天国革命与拜上帝教有着密不可分的关系。由于拜上帝教创立在太平夭国起义之先,史学界一般皆认为拜上帝教是发动太平天国起义的工具。其具体看法有两种：一种认为洪秀全立志反清,而创拜上帝教作为发动的工具。这样,拜上帝教的创立完全是...     

书讯

《天国的陨落———太平天国宗教再研究》夏春涛著,中国人民大学出版社2006年1月版,42.8万字,32元太平天国史研究至今已持续近一个世纪,成果多、起点高,取得新突破难度较大。本书作为“国家清史编纂委员会·研究丛刊”之一,对太平天国宗教做了细致充分的研究,分别考察了上帝教的创建过程,上帝教教义、经典、宗教仪式和宗教节日,上帝教在太平军中和民间的传播情形及其反响,上帝教与西方基督教、中国旧有民间宗教、儒家学说之间的关系和异同,洪仁修订上帝教教义的尝试,西方传教士与太平天国的交往,等等,基本上涵盖了与上帝教相关的所有主要…     

拜上帝会与宗教—政治改革

一 太平天国在短短的14年间,把一种变了形的基督教传遍半个中国,并起到了西方殖民者所不愿看到的作用——与西方基督教国家分庭抗礼。这不仅是中国历史上的一大奇迹,也是世界史和宗教史上的一大奇迹。这个奇迹的创造者完全是洪秀全及其创立的拜上帝教,没有任何外国人和外国教会插足于其间。这种现     

太平天国前期农民领袖集团散论

太平天国农民战争与历代农民战争的最大区别之一就在于它是在一个领袖集团的集体领导之下发生的。从洪秀全创立拜上帝教到冯云山在广西传教,逐步形成了以洪秀全为首的包括冯云山、杨秀清、萧朝贵、韦昌辉、石达开在内的领袖集团。太平天国革命的兴衰成败与这个领袖集团息息相关。过去史学界只注重对农民领袖进行个案分析,这种研究虽必不可少但却难窥全豹。本文试图在以往研究的基础上对太平天国农民领袖集团的形成、分化和瓦解过程及其原因作一个初步研究,以期抛砖引玉引起学术界对这一问题的深入探讨。     

论太平天国农民起义运动的历史局限性

对洪秀全与太平天国评价问题,目前学术界还存在着较大的分歧,本文坚持以辩证唯物主义为指导,在充分肯定太平天国是一场正义的农民运动,一定程度上推进了近代中国民族民主革命和近代化基础之上,一分为二地以洪秀全是不是一个救国救民者,太平天国的政治、经济和文化纲领的本质,拜上帝教与中国国情,太平天国的负面影响等方面为出发对太平天国农民起义运动的历史局限性历史局限性进行了深入分析。     

太平天国与墨学

关于拜上帝教与儒、道、佛三教的关系,早已有人作过专门论述。至于太平天国与墨学的渊源关系,却鲜有人研究。虽然近年有人提出它是值得“注意的一个新问题”,但迄今响应者仍寡。本人不揣浅陋,试就此问题作些探索,略陈管窥之见,以就教于治太平天国史同仁。     

论太平天国农民起义运动的历史局限性

对洪秀全与太平天国评价问题,目前学术界还存在着较大的分歧,本文坚持以辩证唯物主义为指导,在充分肯定太平天国是一场正义的农民运动,一定程度上推进了近代中国民族民主革命和近代化基础之上,一分为二地以洪秀全是不是一个救国救民者,太平天国的政治、经济和文化纲领的本质,拜上帝教与中国国情,太平天国的负面影响等方面为出发对太平天国农民起义运动的历史局限性历史局限性进行了深入分析。     

洪秀全与洪仁玕宗教思想之比较研究

拜上帝教是一个中西合壁的宗教,其教义中有不少基督教的成份。但是,就太平天国领导集团而言,在如何取舍基督教教义这一问题上,意见并不一致,主要表现为洪秀全与洪仁玕之间的分歧。本文拟就此角度对洪秀全与洪仁玕的宗教思想作一比较研     

悲剧石达开

石达开是太平天国领导者中最富谋略的人物。轰轰烈烈的太平天国革命战争,把年青的石达开,锤炼成一位能征善战、深受太平军将士爱戴的军事统帅。陈玉成说他“独具将才”,李秀成说他“文武备足,谋略甚深”;而清朝统治者骂他“狡悍为诸贼之冠”。     

论太平天国拜上帝教的创立

1843年,洪秀全吸收基督教传教书籍《劝世良言》的内容,结合自己1837年的梦境,创立了拜上帝教。拜上帝教创立时的教义包括:上帝是唯一真神,人人都应当只敬拜上帝,不应敬拜其他任何神灵;远古时期中国人与西洋人一样是只敬拜上帝的,但后来中国人走上错误的道路,不再敬拜上帝,而是敬拜其他各种神灵;上帝派洪秀全做救世主,教导中国人重新敬拜上帝。拜上帝教之所以能够出现,主要有三个原因,一是基督教当时在中国的少许传播,二是中国社会比较宽松的宗教环境,三是洪秀全个人特有的个性。初创时的拜上帝教是没有政治性的单纯的宗教,其教义实际上都是洪秀全的真实思想。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.