综合艺术对古典园林影响浅析——成都与扬州园林对比

成都与扬州在历史上有数次城市发展的高峰期,经济、化发达,地理条件优越,加之多年来,双方在各自所在的地区一直是政治、经济和化的中心城市,唐宋时有“扬一益二”的称谓,因此园林发展所需要的各项条件有了很好的保障,同时也使园林化的发展在整个历史过程中保持了相对的连续性。成都与扬州古典园林的发展历史、景观特色各有千秋,在我国古典园林中有着相当高的评价。扬州在其园林发展的顶峰时有“杭州以沏山胜,苏州以市肆胜,扬州以园林胜,三鼎峙,不可轩轾”之谓。而成都园林虽然在明清时期的发展程度不及扬州,但是在其园林发展过程中仍然是中国园林重要的一个分支。园林学刘天华认为：我国园林按地区分类,有所谓江南园林、岭南园林、北方园林和蜀中园林的称谓,成都园林则是蜀中园林最典型的代表。[第一段]     

从北京园博会看园林展的规划与设计

园林展起源于西方国家,旨在通过展览的方式,促进园林、园艺事业的发展。近年来,各式各样的园林展纷纷在各大城市举办,不仅带动了园林、园艺事业的长足发展,更为举办城市提供了新的发展契机。随着园林展在中国的红火发展,展园的规划设计和后续利用也成为摆在设计者面前一道无法回避的难题。立足于园林展近半个世纪的发展史,从选址、主题的选择和运作方式等方面,对园林     

中国园林与西方园林之融合探讨

中国园林与西方园林都有其各自的优势,也有其各自的局限性,任何单独的应用都已不能适应现代园林的发展,有必要研究两种园林的优势性和局限性。取两种园林的优势性,去其局限性,以达到中国古典园林和西方现代园林的融合。     

15世纪初中日园林造景艺术初探

中日园林都属于东方园林体系,各自都有丰富的园林遗产,两国园林不仅数量多,而且风格多样,有许多园林自成体系。本文以15世纪初中日两国园林造景艺术为研究对象,对中日不同造景艺术的影响因素以及各自的造园特色进行研究,运用研究分析结果指导中国现代园林发展。     

生态建设视角下探析园林建设方法与养护管理技术

以生态观念实现园林建设的方法与养护技术的不断改进和创新,为园林建设的发展注入新的血液。文章就生态园林建设方法和养护技术等方面的措施进行初步分析探讨,以生态建设视野来实现对园林建设的科学化发展,以期对园林建设作出应有的贡献。     

园林古建在现代园林中的实践探析

将园林古建应用到现代园林建设当中,需要取其精华,结合园林建造地自然要素,联系地域文化,体现传承与发展理念,进行创新性应用,表现现代园林人性化特色。     

日本园林中的日本文化

日本园林是在中国园林的直接影响下发展起来的,甚至从某种程度上可以认为是中国古代文明在日本园林的体现。但是中华民族和大和民族生存的思想文化、物质空间的不同,使得日本园林无论在园林类型、造园思想,还是在园林中开展的活动都深深地带有日本文化的特色。     

论中国传统园林的精髓与现代园林的发展方向

我国园林发展历史源远流长,取得了辉煌的成就。在世界文化之林中独树一帜,风流千载。其优势在于模山范水的景观类型;适宜人居的理想环境;巧于因借的视域边界;循序渐进的空间组织;小中见大的空间效果;耐人寻味的园林文化。中国现代园林的健康发展,既要认真汲取中国传统园林的精髓,又要深入研究西方现代园林的成功经验。与时俱进,拓展园林设计领域;开阔眼界,研究园林发展趋势;立足本土,再现地域文化景观;博采众长,关注园林文化内涵;朴实无华,融设计于自然。     

枯山水景观源流探析

中国江南园林与日本枯山水庭园为东亚园林的两朵奇葩。伴随着丝绸之路文化的东渐,日本园林在中国园林的基础上不断创新、发展。对于将禅宗思想融于整个民族精神的日本来说,枯山水庭园更可谓是日本禅寺园林,乃至成为日本古典园林中最具代表性的园林之一。本文从日本枯山水庭园的历史背景、理水手法、审美思想与禅学意境三个方面进行了分析,以期能对今后佛教文化园区禅寺景观设计及中国古典园林的发展提供借鉴。     

浅析中国古典园林的生态思想

中国古典园林是建筑与自然的结合,含有丰富的自然意识,是”敬畏自然”思想的具体表现。文章就中国古典园林中的生态思想进行分析和归纳,指出现代园林建设中应该继承和发扬古典园林中蕴含的生态思想,以促进我国园林建设的健康发展。     

台湾当局对奄美群岛移交的因应

奄美群岛是琉球群岛的一部分。1951年9月8日,《旧金山和约》签署,美国获得琉球群岛等岛屿的行政管辖权。为了扶植日本,对抗苏联,美国拟将奄美群岛的行政管辖权移交日本。台湾当局认为,包括奄美群岛在内的琉球群岛的主权属于琉球人民,不属于日本。台湾当局与美国政府展开沟通,指出美国此举将挑战《开罗宣言》《波茨坦宣言》,公开支持琉球人民追求自治。台湾一些民众向美国国会中的参议员打电报,劝告美国勿将奄美群岛交给日本管辖。1953年12月24日,美日两国在东京签署了关于奄美群岛的协定,根据《旧金山和约》第三条,美国将奄美群岛的行政管辖权移交日本。同时,美国政府发表声明,将继续管辖冲绳群岛、先岛群岛等岛屿。     

大型平原土体遗址主要地质病害及其保护治水工程技术研究

大量现场地质调查结果表明:大型平原土体遗址原地原样保护的主要环境地质病害是地下水形成的渗水对遗址及其文物造成的腐蚀和破坏,因而治水工程是这类遗址保护中最主要的岩土工程。结合该类遗址原地原样保护原则要求:①遗址围岩和文物的含水率要低于40%;②遗址区地下水位要长期保持在遗址底板高程减去土层毛细水上升的水平面上;③为遗址长期保护服务的地质工程要能长期保持稳定正常运行;④地质工程要与文物景观相容。提出了治水工程的基本技术思路;①查明遗址区水文、工程地质条件;②建立遗址区水文地质模型;③遗址区工程地质、环境地质问题评价;④遗址区治水工程方案论证;⑤工程优化设计;⑥工程施工。其中,治水工作的关键是查明遗址区水文地质条件和地下水渗流场的变化规律,而地下水数值模拟技术能够模拟计算地下水随时间的动态变化。本工作以抗州萧山独木舟遗址为例,分析了该遗址区的水文地质条件,采用地下水数值模拟技术模拟计算遗址区原始地下水位分布;根据遗址区工程地质条件和原始地下水位模拟结果,提出了暗沟疏干排水方案,并模拟预测疏干排水工程实施后地下水位随时间变化规律,模拟结果合理,能够用于指导治水工程设计施工。     

Vasilikos Valley Project: Fourth Preliminary Report, 1979–1980

Abstract

During the fourth season of the Vasilikos Valley Project in the Larnaca District of southern Cyprus, excavations were continued at the Aceramic and Ceramic Neolithic site of Kalavasos-Tenta. Excavation on the west side of the top of the site revealed more of the plan of the earliest curvilinear building that underlies the stone complex. Elsewhere on the top of the site, further mud-brick and stone structures were uncovered, and a unique wall painting was found on the central pier of one building. Excavations in the Lower South Slope area confirmed the existence of a deep ditch outside the outer settlement wall. Five Aceramic phase burials were excavated in different parts of the site. Investigation of the Ceramic phase deposits on the eastern flanks of the site revealed a series of pits, but no standing architectural remains.

Excavations at the Chalcolithic site of Kalavasos-Ayious on the east side of the valley were also continued. A series of pits of widely varying size was brought to light in several different areas of the site. The largest pits contained numerous artifacts, sometimes in situ on distinct surfaces. At the north end of the site three pits were found connected by subterranean tunnels.

Rescue excavations, lasting from July 1979 through February 1980. were also undertaken at the Late Bronze Age site of A. Dhimitrios, a short distance to the south of Tenta. An extensive architectural complex of finely built stone structures was uncovered within the line of the new Nicosia-Limassol highway. The quality of the building, and the clear degree of planning that underlies the whole architectural layout, betoken a site of considerable importance. The architectural levels on the site may be dated to a late phase of Late Cypriote II, but one of the tombs also contains material of Late Cypriote I or early Late Cypriote II date.

A systematic field survey of the southern half of the Vasilikos valley, employing a regularly spaced series of transects, revealed a number of additional sites of varying type and period. A chronological outline of prehistoric Cyprus is provided in Table 1. Specialist reports on geographical, fluvial geomorphological, faunal, and conservation studies are also included.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant no. BNS77–07685 A02.     

柯林武德史学理论的阶段性、连续性与体系性

柯林武德被誉为20世纪最有影响力的历史哲学家之一,国内外现有研究主要集中于其史学理论观点的阐释上,忽略了对其思想发展历程的分析。就理论倾向来说,柯林武德经历了由实在论者向唯心主义者的逐渐转化,他的思想发展也由此划分为三个阶段。在这三个阶段之外,历史过程思想作为其史学理论的基本前提之一,体现着他思想发展的连续性。问答逻辑则展现了柯林武德考古学、历史学和哲学三项学术研究之间的和谐关系及其史学理论的体系性。     

Determination of Shear Strength of Masonry Panels Through Different Tests

This study addresses the problem of evaluation of strength of masonry walls. In-plane behavior of masonry panels has been studied under monotonic diagonal-compression and shear-compression loading in quasi-static test facility. The results of 35 laboratory and in situ tests are analyzed to show that in the case of the diagonal compression test results are lower than the strength of masonry walls evaluated trough the shear-compression test, highlighting the problem of choosing the test which best simulates to the real behavior of the masonry when stressed by lateral loads. A presentation is also given of the results of a F.E. investigation for shear strength evaluation of masonry walls. F.E. modeling non-linear procedure was used for the representation of masonry panels. The numerical simulations are compared with experimental results and the reliability of the different finite element models is discussed, thus confirming the different shear strength values measured in the experimental campaign.     

Ceramic production in ancient Nasca: provenance analysis of pottery from the Early Nasca and Tiza cultures through INAA

We report the results of an instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) undertaken on a regional sample of pottery from the Southern Nasca Region. The samples included specimens primarily from the Early Nasca (ca. A.D. 1–450) and Tiza (ca. A.D. 1000–1476) cultures from a total of 16 different prehispanic sites. The results of the analysis demonstrate centralized production of Early Nasca polychromes and decentralized production of pottery from the Tiza culture. The results of this analysis confirm previous conclusions about the organization of these two indigenous cultures of the south coast of Peru and support the hypothesis of an excess production of polychromes at the ceremonial center Cahuachi for Early Nasca, and multiple centers of production for the Tiza culture.     

The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative

Modern social theory, by and large, has aimed at reducing the complexity of action situations to a set of manageable abstractions. But these abstractions, whether functionalist or linguistic, fail to grasp the indeterminacy of action situations. Action proceeds by discovery and combination. The logic of action is serendipitous and combinative. From these characteristics, a number of consequences flow: The whole field of our intentions is engaged in each action situation, and cannot really be understood apart from the situation itself. In action situations we remain aware of the problems of categorization, including the dangers of infinite regress and the difficulties of specifying borders and ranges of categories. In action situations, attention is in permanent danger of being overwhelmed. We must deal with many features of action situations outside of attention; in doing so, we must entertain simultaneously numerous possibilities of action. Emotional expression is a way of talking about the kinds of possibilities we entertain. Expression and action have a rebound effect on attention. “Effort” is required to find appropriate expressions and actions, and rebound effects play a role in such effort, making it either easier or more difficult. Recent theoretical trends have failed to capture these irreducible characteristics of action situations, and have slipped into a number of errors. Language is not rich in meanings or multivocal, except as put to use in action situations. The role of “convention” in action situations is problematic, and therefore one ought not to talk of “culture.” Contrary to the assertions of certain theorists, actors do not follow strategies, except when they decide to do so. Actors do not “communicate,” in the sense of exchanging information, except in specially arranged situations. More frequently, they intervene in the effortful management of attention of their interlocutors. Dialogue, that is, very commonly becomes a form of cooperative emotional effort. From these considerations, it follows that the proper method for gaining social knowledge is to examine the history of action and of emotional effort, and to report findings in the form of narrative.     

犯罪地理学的理论研究

目前,国内外学术界还没有建立起真正意义上的犯罪地理学,因此,犯罪地理学的理论研究就显得特别重要。为此,本文系统地探讨了犯罪地理学的理论体系,认为犯罪地理学的理论体系含有:①地理环境决定论;②环境论(月相说、星相说、地域说、犯罪地形说、折衷主义学派环境论);③犯罪时日论;④芝加哥学派的犯罪同心圆论;⑤犯罪区位论。通过犯罪地理学理论体系的研究,希望有益于犯罪地理学的创建和发展。