红颜祸水? ——二战前新马华人女招待的污名与困境

论文主要利用20世纪二三十年代新马华文报刊有关"女招待"的报道,梳理这一时期"女招待"职业的兴衰与殖民地政治经济及与政府限制措施的关系,探讨其如何被"色情化"和"污名化"以及"女招待"的困境及其根源。研究显示,新马华人"女招待"兴盛于20世纪30年代初,与两个因素密切相关。一是1929年爆发的世界经济危机导致新马经济不景气,为吸引顾客,咖啡馆、茶馆等服务行业竞相雇用"女招待"。二是殖民地政府禁娼,一些娼妓转向咖啡馆、茶馆充当"女招待"谋生。"女招待"的职业定位是以女性魅力招徕生意,从一开始就被"色情化"了。"色情化"的结果,导致这一职业的"污名化",女招待要承担"伤风败俗""诱人堕落""祸水"的污名,成为殖民地政府限制和禁止的对象。当局的出发点是道德、禁娼和治安,而不是"女招待"的权益,也不将"女招待"视为正当职业,于是,不是"色情化"主要推动者的"女招待"承担了最大的"污名",陷入困境。     

民国时期知识界对知识女性独身问题的思考

近代妇女解放运动催发了民国时期知识女性的独身思潮,这与知识界对女性的期许背道而驰,并将其视为严重的社会问题。知识界对她们进行了多方劝导和训诫,希望其能放弃独身主张。独身女性的大部分选择了婚姻生活,但仍有少部分人坚持独身,她们以职业为基础,创造了多彩的生活。独身现象不仅体现了知识女性对传统男权的突破,也在一定程度上实现了对启蒙知识界女性社会角色规划的超越。结婚与独身之争涉及的深层问题是如何体现女性的价值,这不仅是个历史问题,也将是长期的、复杂的社会问题。     

浅析《玉台画史》的历史成因及其社会影响

进入二十世纪,在巨大的社会变革的推动下,中国妇女的历史境遇也作为一个时代的课题被提了出来,随着知识女性的觉醒,思想的自由和个性的解放,她们开始走出闺阁,在艺术上表现出一种前所未有的活跃局面。并且出现了一批女性艺术作品及评论文章。更多人关注女性关注女性视角,社会对她们本身的性别加以更多的期待。     

图书馆女性馆员职业发展的障碍及对策

图书馆女性馆员职业发展的障碍主要来源于传统文化、女性特殊的生理与心理因素、新技术发展所带来的压力等。关爱女性馆员的成长,让她们在和谐宽松的工作环境中提高自身工作的积极性和创造性是女性职业发展的重要对策。     

略论女性馆员的职业优势及其发挥

女性馆员的生理、心理和社会特点决定了她们向来是图书馆职业中的主力军。分析她们的优势,并通过培养和开发,使其在图书馆事业中发挥出更大作用,是图书馆人力资源管理中需要不断总结和研究的重要工作。     

穿梭冥阳两界的女人——广西黄洞瑶族村“仙娘”社会地位研究

女巫在黄洞瑶族乡被称为"仙娘",她们从事着沟通人神的职业,但是她们的社会地位和职业性质却不同于正统宗教的执行者———师公。"仙娘"生活在边缘的社会环境之中,她们的职业、生活和家庭应当受到更多的人文关怀。在瑶族宗教研究中,鲜有涉及女巫这一特殊群体。鉴于此,本文以贺州市黄洞瑶族乡盘瑶的"仙娘"为调查对象,从社会、巫术、女巫的生活角度出发,观察女巫的生活史以及当地社会对她们的看法,以此使"仙娘"这一特殊的女性仪式专家走入更多人的视野。     

中世纪西欧工业生产中的妇女群体——纺纱女、酿酒女及其他

妇女是中世纪西欧工业生产中的特定群体,绝大多数人从事纺纱、酿酒和丝织等女性行业。她们通常在自己家中生产,将操持家务和赚取现金收入结合起来。少数女性协助丈夫或父亲经营其他行业的家庭作坊,寡妇可以继承亡夫的职业。也有些女孩在青少年阶段外出当学徒或充当女仆,少数已婚妇女独立从事工业,获得一定程度的独立性和自主性,个别人甚至成长为企业家。尽管中世纪晚期小城市和农村的毛纺织业中出现了女织工,但酿酒和丝绸等传统的中世纪女性行业逐渐让位于男性,城市工业为减少竞争也加大了限制力度,妇女工业生产的空间受到挤压。     

宋代中下层妇女的社会经济活动

"男主外,女主内""男耕女织",是人们对宋代妇女社会角色的一般的概括性的认识,然而在实际中,宋代不同社会阶层的女性也会参与一定的社会经济活动,走出家门到社会上从事手工业、商业、服务业等活动或者出卖自己的劳动力来获得利润。尤其是中下层妇女,她们参与的社会经济活动很广泛,不过,她们参与的社会经济活动在行业与程度上有较大差异。     

西北地区回族女性教育对母亲教育的影响——以兰州市个案调查为例

母亲教育对于社会的发展有着积极作用。西北地区回族女性受教育水平影响着她们自身的发展,也影响着母亲教育的开展。在现代西北回族社会,西北地区女性受教育状况有所改善,但总体仍然落后,这影响了她们对于子孙后代的教育和回族自身的发展。本文试图探析回族女性受教育水平与母亲教育的关系,以寻求妇女教育发展的道路。     

秀拉与曾芒芒:女性成长的不同历程

秀拉和曾芒芒在女性自身精神成长中有着不同的人生历程,一个是以反抗社会的叛逆者出现,一个是以遵循社会准则的教养者出现,她们不同的人生历程启示着人们对女性成长的深刻思考。     

Street music,governance, and cultural policy in San Cristóbal de Las Casas

ABSTRACT

This article takes an ethnographic perspective to explore the changing ways in which the municipal government of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, a city in southern Mexico whose economy is highly dependent on tourism, has regulated street musicians over the last five years. It focuses on permits given to street musicians which served to exert spatial and temporal control over street performance, while giving musicians no substantial rights in practice. Engaging the so-called ‘anarchist turn’ in anthropology, it shows that this policy instrument effectively sidelined non-monetary forms of exchange between musicians and their various publics, and privileged the commercial interests of restaurants and bars. Further, in practice, it pushed some street musicians onto the margins of the city’s economic life, where their performances were often more, rather than less, disruptive. Nonetheless, this situation altered significantly in the wake of social unrest in Summer 2016, which caused a precipitous drop in tourism to the city. The municipal government’s response to the ensuing economic crisis signified a belated recognition of the economic value of street musicianship.     

近代广州医院时空分布研究

广州近代医院,历经百余年的发展,呈现为初生、迅速、衰落和恢复四个发展阶段,形成以老城为核心区向周围墨渍式递减、五大优势地段呈面状、城外西关和东关呈点散状的选址空间格局。不同类型医院的生长、选址亦具有清晰的时空界线。这种时空分布特征是多种机制因素综合作用的结果。近代医院的生长和配置,使广州居民医疗生态大为改观,但总量供应不足、空间配置不合理等缺陷亦非常明显。     

试论20世纪30年代青岛崂山旅游资源的开发

20世纪30年代,在全国性的城市规划浪潮中,青岛市政府制定了《青岛市暂行建筑计划》、《青岛市施行都市计划方案初稿》等一系列详细的市政计划,明确将青岛定位为“工商、居住、游览城市”,并把崂山开发列入规划范围。在此规划基础上,进行的市政建设和崂山旅游资源开发等一系列的现代化建设,使青岛城市旅游功能突出地显现出来。随着以崂山为重点的旅游资源的开发,青岛这一时期的旅游活动快速发展起来,成为其建国前的鼎盛时期。     

美国1958年《国防教育法》颁布的原因

二战结束前美国颁布的《退伍军人权利法案》没有能够为战后国家经济、科技与军事发展提供强有力的智力支持。大约同一时期,作为进步主义教育的重要项目“生活调整运动”因其对学生个人兴趣、家庭、日常生活与人际关系的偏重,对学术标准的降低以及学术性课程的忽视而遭到学者的责难。1957年10月,苏联第一颗太空卫星“斯普特尼克1号”（SputnikⅠ）的发射成功标志着美国在与苏联进行军备竞赛中暂时处于下风。举国上下展开了对教育的诘难,《国防教育法》获得通过,联邦政府开始大规模卷入到教育调节与干预中,并成为教育改革的主角。     

男女平权抑或性别政治中的革命——清季女性精英身份认同的两种路向及其书写

近年来,女性史研究是社会文化史的重要亮点。清季以秋瑾、吕碧城为核心的女性精英身份认同呈现的路向及其书写尤值得考量。近代意义上的才女不仅涉及女性才貌,还关联着社会转型过程中女性的自我定位及其身份认同,这其中涉及女性才貌的社会文化分析。由男女平权转向性别政治中近代女性史学探索还涉及性别话语分析及其社会意义的解读等。而社会文化史框架下的女性史书写关联着书写对象的思想,也涉及论证材料的选择,有其难度。处理思想与材料的勾连,涉及研究对象内在的主体性及其外在形象的客观性的把握,等等。唯有处理好这些关系,女性史书写才能有所前进。     

The "swinish multitude": controversies over hogs in antebellum New York City

In the first half of the nineteenth century, New Yorkers fought passionately over the presence of hogs on their streets and in their city. New York’s filthy streets had cultivated an informal economy and a fertile environment for roaming creatures. The battles—both physical and legal—reveal a city rife with class tensions. After decades of arguments, riots, and petitions, cholera and the fear of other public health crises ultimately spelled the end for New York’s hogs. New York struggled during this period to improve municipal services while adapting to a changing economy and rapid population growth. The fights between those for and against hogs shaped New York City’s landscape and resulted in new rules for using public space a new place for nature in the city.     

The morality police are coming! Muslims in Norway's media discourses (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

In early 2010, a series of reports appeared in the influential liberal‐conservative Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten drawing attention to what appeared to reporters to be a self‐appointed, de facto Muslim ‘morality police’ attempting to use harassment to exert social control over non‐hijab‐wearing women of immigrant background and gay men in the district of Grønland in the inner city of Oslo. What came to be known in Norway as the ‘morality‐police debate’ demonstrated the extent to which the figure of the Muslim male as an embodied threat to Norway's presumed relative gender equality and lack of homophobia had come to be embedded in the country's media and political discourse. This article suggests that the debate can tell us much about why certain tropes central to Norway's anti‐Muslim discourses have gained such currency across the Norwegian political board in recent years.     

‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City

This article argues that the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan should be understood as a ‘household’, a structure that gave powerful significance to binary gendered ideologies at every level of city organisation. Male and female roles were configured around ‘public’ and ‘domestic’ spheres, but these concepts were perceived in a broader and more flexible way than traditional public/private dichotomies suggest and might helpfully be understood in political terms as distinguishing between exterior/foreign and interior/domestic realms. Building on understandings of parallelism and complementarity, the article demonstrates that gendered pairings, based on distinctive masculine/public and feminine/domestic spheres, mirrored the household not only in social, economic and political contexts, but also in religious settings, providing space for both male and female power at every level of urban life. Just as a married couple provided the basis to a successful and productive home, so the parallel responsibilities of men and women, structured according to concepts of ‘household’ and reflected throughout the institutions and activities of the city, were believed to form the foundations of a thriving Aztec city.     

国民经济恢复时期北京的失业知识分子救济政策及其成效

国民经济恢复时期,面对失业和人才需求关系的矛盾,城市失业知识分子受到党和政府的高度关注。北京市的失业知识分子虽人数不多,但呈现出一定程度的复杂性。为此,北京市根据党和国家的政策,从首都社会秩序的稳定和首都建设的人才需求出发,在较短的时间内,有计划有步骤地对失业知识分子进行了必要的社会救济,达到了预期的目标。同时,实际操作中也遇到了一些不容回避的问题。     

Regulating Body Boundaries and Health during the Second World War: Nationalist Discourse,Media Representations and the Experiences of Canadian Women War Workers

This article examines the intersections of gender, wartime nationalist rhetoric and the production of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ bodies in both the Canadian workplace and the home during the Second World War. Analysing government, industry and media discourses in relation to oral history interviews with thirty‐eight women aircraft workers, we discuss women's distinctive role in shaping the health and morale of the social body during wartime, to ensure the maintenance of family, nation and the Allied war effort. While health in wartime was defined in terms of worker productivity for both men and women, anxiety about women's expanded roles heightened the emphasis on moral respectability as a marker of the ‘healthy’ female body. This was further complicated by the wartime emphasis on women's responsibilities to boost morale as part of their role in maintaining health and productivity for both men and women. Through such examples as workplace regulations and domestic advice, we examine the increased monitoring of women's individual and collective bodies and the intensified demands on female war workers as they crossed between the public and private spheres. We use our oral histories to examine women's embodied memories of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ bodies within a regional context and their responses to government, industry and media discourses.