Attenuated Governance: How Policymakers Insulate Private School Choice from Legal Challenge

Indirect or delegated governance engages private organizations, tax expenditures, or service users to deliver programs that would otherwise be provided by the government directly. This paper explains the rise of indirect governance in terms of policymakers’ strategic use of “attenuation” to avoid political and legal challenge. Attenuation is the process by which a government obscures its role in promoting a particular policy goal, through communication strategies (attenuating rhetoric), or by utilizing private third parties and the tax system to deliver a benefit (attenuated design). Deploying policy‐maker interviews and an original historical database of private school choice programs and their legal and political defense, 1953–2017, I argue that pursuing both attenuated design and attenuating rhetoric at once helps policies pass and spread by publicly dissociating the government from legally contentious policy outputs.     

School Vouchers and Student Attainment: Evidence from a State‐Mandated Study of Milwaukee's Parental Choice Program

In this article we examine educational attainment levels for students in Milwaukee's citywide voucher program and a comparable group of public school students. Using unique data collected as part of a state‐mandated evaluation of the program, we consider high school graduation and enrollment in postsecondary institutions for students initially exposed to voucher schools and those in public schools at the same time. We show that exposure to voucher schools was related to graduation and, in particular, to enrollment and persistence in a 4‐year college. These differences are apparent despite controls for student neighborhoods, demographics, early‐career test scores and—for a subsample of survey respondents—controls for parental education, income, religious behavior, and marital status. We conclude by stressing the implications for future scholarship and policy, including the importance of attainment outcomes in educational research.     

School Choice and Educational Stratification

Recent growth in the number of school choice programs across the country has ignited debate on the stratifying effects of these programs. In the context of interdistrict open enrollment, this paper analyzes—both theoretically and empirically—how choice programs affect stratification levels through the mechanisms of (i) the relative characteristics of program participants and nonparticipants and (ii) the schooling choices of different groups of program participants. The theoretical analysis uses Monte Carlo simulation techniques to analyze a hypothetical world where interdistrict choice is available to students in three school districts that are allowed to vary in student composition, the type of students who take advantage of the interdistrict choice program, and schooling choices of students who open enroll. The results of these simulations provide an understanding of the conditions under which an interdistrict open enrollment program leads to increases, decreases, or no changes in stratification levels. The empirical analysis uses data from the universe of students attending Colorado public schools in 2009–10 to examine how the state's interdistrict choice program affects stratification levels. It also analyzes the factors responsible for any increases or decreases in stratification and finds both participation patterns and differences in schooling decisions across groups to play important roles. The paper concludes with a discussion of its implications for research and policy.     

Learning from Schools: School Choice,Political Learning,and Policy Feedback

This article investigates the policy feedback and political learning effects of school vouchers. Of particular interest is how market‐based policies affect the likelihood that program participants will connect their experiences with the policy to the government. I examine parent survey data from an evaluation of the Milwaukee school voucher program. I find that voucher parents are more likely than public school parents to perceive that the government has influenced their child's schooling and to believe that their experiences with their child's school have taught them about how government works. Further, voucher parents report that their experiences with the policy have made them more politically active. While majorities of voucher and public school parents support increased public school expenditures, there is some evidence that school vouchers may decrease support for public schools.     

美国共运史研究中的正统派与修正派

美国共运研究中存在着许多不同的派别,其中最有影响的是正统派和修正派。正统派以延续传统史学的方法为特征,修正派受新社会史和文化史的影响,以异端性的方法来重新阐释美共历史为特征;正统派持一元论、精英史观的立场,修正派则坚持多元论、民众参与的立场;正统派坚持外来论,修正派赞同本土论;正统派重裁判,修正派重理解。个人经历、知识背景和时代背景的不同,是造成两派对立的三个主要因素。     

The Determinants of Public Policy: What Matters and How Much

This article is a research synthesis addressing four questions critical to our understanding of the determinants of public policy. How often and how strongly do hypothetical determinants of policy—public opinion, interest groups, the party balance, and other factors—actually influence policy? Do some hypothetical determinants of policy have more influence than others? Does the way we measure policy affect our ability to explain it? And is there a connection between how strongly particular variables affect policy, and how much effort we devote to studying them? It turns out that variables hypothesized to influence policy more often than not have no effect. When variables do affect policy, researchers very seldom say anything about how much impact they have. Variables that convey the most information to policymakers about what the public wants have a greater impact than other variables, but it is less clear how the measurement of policy affects our findings. Researchers pay much attention to hypothetical determinants of policy unlikely to matter very much, and little attention to those likely to be the most important. Implications for future research are considered.     

“食货派”的经济史研究方法探讨

20世纪30年代的食货派,针对社会史论战陷入理论之争的弊病,对经济史研究方法展开了积极地探讨。主张从问题入手、广搜史料、寻绎结论,强调借用西方经济学理论和比照西方经济史以及倡导"综合研究法",形成了学派鲜明的治史风格。但其治史方法又存在着明显的不足与局限,尤其是未能全面正确认识马克思主义唯物史观的指导作用,而是有条件、有限度地运用唯物史观进行史学研究。食货派学术生命过早的终结,与其治史方法自身的缺陷不无关系。     

党校图书馆的特殊性及发展思路

本文阐述了党校图书馆工作的特殊性,分析了制约党校图书馆发展的主要因素,并提出了相应的对策措施。     

同文馆与晚清留英教育

晚清留英教育在船政学生留英之前已经开始,同治五年(1866年),清政府就派遣了同文馆学生赴欧洲游学。之后,历届驻英公使都带有同文馆学生充任使馆随员或翻译学生,在处理外交及使馆事务之外,这些同文馆学生还负有学习的任务,可以入英国学校学习。19世纪90年代总理衙门还制订章程,派遣了两次同文馆留英生。20世纪初,京师同文馆归并京师大学堂改称译学馆后,再次派遣学生赴英留学。同文馆学生留英在整个晚清虽然不多,但也自成一系,是晚清留英教育中重要的一支。     

清代理学的特点

清代理学沿承宋、元、明,但有自己的特点：一、无主峰可指,无大脉络可寻;二、学理无创新,重在道德规范;三、鸦片战争后,理学受西学冲击,既抵拒又有所会通;四、宋学、汉学虽存门户之见,但也兼采。     

清代科布多官学考

乾隆三十二年,清廷在漠北乌里雅苏台和科布多两地设立官学,要求蒙古王公按季入班学习,后改为一年六班,每年选取二十余人,学习内容为满蒙文翻译、法令、办事程式和礼仪等。该官学不在清朝学校系统内,不分等级,不考核,不参加科举,无专门教习和统一教材。乌里雅苏台—科布多官学脱胎于蒙古王公在衙门的值班制度,是值班制度的副产品。清朝在科布多设立官学的目的是让各部王公入班帮助参赞大臣处理事务,顺便学习满蒙文翻译和起草文件,以更好地协助参赞大臣,进一步在中央边疆治理中发挥作用。至清末,因清政府财力吃紧,再加上官学未能达到预期效果而被裁撤。     

美国公立学校种族隔离制度的形成与终结--以非洲裔美国人的经历为例

美国公立学校种族隔离制度是在内战结束以及公立学校开始普及的社会背景下形成的,为了废除这种制度,非洲裔美国人进行了长期不懈的努力,其斗争的鲜明特征是组织性和法律性。废除学校种族隔离的过程集中体现了法律的神圣性以及司法部门的独立性,同时联邦政府也进行了有效的干预和控制。     

校史编研:当代史研究的一个新领域

改革开放以来 ,学校教育得到了快速发展 ,同时校史编研也应运而生。经过 2 0多年的努力 ,校史编研取得了丰硕的成果 ,已经成为当代史研究的一个新领域。步入 2 1世纪 ,随着我国学校教育进入新的发展时期 ,校史编研也面临着提高编研水平、调整研究方向和与国际上先进高等学校院校研究接轨等多重任务 ,今后校史编研工作将会提高到一个新的水平     

新信息环境下党校图书馆的定位与发展

党校图书馆有别于一般高校图书馆,有其自身的优势,也存在相应的问题。在新信息环境下,党校图书馆需要有新的定位,需要不断推进数字化建设,利用网络发展信息服务,同时进一步实现图书馆系统的信息资源共享。     

The Application of TPR in Primary School English Teaching

作为外语教学法流派中一支,全身动作反应法近年来引起了国内教育研究者和英语教师的关注,并被广泛应用于小学英语教学实践。本文简述其理论背景,典型教学案例,并总结了实行过程中需要注意之处,为发挥其优势,提高教学实践的结论提供了一定新思路。     

大学生诚信危机与高校诚信教育

诚实守信是和谐社会建设的基本要求,也是每个人都应遵循的基本道德规范。目前,导致高校大学生诚信危机的原因是多方面的。加强大学生诚信教育,既要完善高校诚信教育体系,拓宽诚信教育的渠道,也应营造良好的诚信教育环境,用制度规范保障高品质诚信人才的培养。     

北宋武学考略

宋时期虽推行“重文抑武”之策,但仍比较重视军事教育。武学作为官办教育重要组成部分,曾先后于庆历、熙宁、崇宁三次兴办,直至靖康末年。这一时期,它逐渐建立比较完善的编制体制,并逐步形成比较系统的招生、培养、管理、除官制度,从而对北宋军事教育的发展起到了一定作用。但由于时代所限,仍出现了种种弊端,致使其军事功能与社会作用大打折扣。     

《警神日报》与学堂腐败问题

创办于1904年、具有资产阶级革命性质的《警钟日报》,披露了一系列学堂腐败问题：学堂的办学宗旨未能脱离旧的窠臼,课程设置极不合理,学生思想受到禁锢;师资低劣,教学效果差,管理人员学问全无,管理无方,道德败坏;学生思想守旧,品行低下,不务正业,惹是生非。该报还分析了这些问题产生的根源。《警钟日报》对这些问题的揭露,既可以帮助我们全面地了解当时的学堂,也可以为今天的教育改革、学校建设提供一些借鉴。     

曾鲸与“波臣派”的形成

波臣派是明末曾鲸创立的肖像画派别,在明末、清初画坛影响深远。曾鲸弟子众多,再传弟子更是遍布于当时画坛。本文对波臣派创始人曾鲸的生平、艺术及其影响作了简要的论述,并对波臣派画家体系的构成进行了简单地梳理,以期对波臣派有一个更全面的了解。     

Renegotiating the Primary School: Children's Emotional Geographies of Sport,Exercise and Active Play

The current UK policy concern with children's health has led to primary school practices of sport, exercise and active play aimed, in particular, at constructing children's bodies as ‘healthy’. Qualitative explorations of children's own values and experiences however, reveal that their understandings of sport in school differ considerably from its potential to be healthy, instead emphasising emotional geographies of pleasure and enjoyment. This article aims to develop a better understanding of children's ability to modify and reconstitute discursive corporeal regimes through their own agency, thus highlighting the fluid nature of the primary school as an institution. Adult discourses and children's bodily challenges to these mingle and intersect, creating spaces of competing values and discourses that work to transform and renegotiate the primary school. Although this article focuses particularly on the UK context, the findings will be relevant for any country in which child obesity is of current concern for social and education policy.