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This paper presents a review of the studies of early medieval (Amiral and Caliphal) pottery in al‐Andalus. It opens with a discussion of the first archaeological and ceramics surveys, including an assessment of their historical and theoretical contexts and their relevance to the developing discipline. After discussion of the contributions and also shortcomings of current approaches, the article closes by sketching the direction of future research.  相似文献   

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With a focus on the detail of the archaeological evidence for the introduction of irrigation systems into Tudmīr in south‐east Spain in the eighth and ninth centuries, this paper explores the archaeological contribution to our understanding of the process by which planned irrigation was established in al‐Andalus in the early Middle Ages.  相似文献   

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The agrarian transformations which took place in the Iberian Peninsula between the eighth and the tenth century are essential for an understanding of how al‐Andalus came into being. These developments provided the basis of a social formation which developed into a tributary mode of production. This study is part of a research project that draws inspiration from the tenets of landscape archaeology. Studying historic landscapes as part of the material culture of past societies provides valuable information about cultures and the ways they express themselves in space.  相似文献   

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The Cannons of Jihad: Terrorists' Strategy for Defeating America: Jim Lacey, Ed. A Terrorist's Call to Global Jihad: Deciphering Abu Musab al‐Suri's Islamic Jihad Manifesto: Jim Lacey, Ed. The Terrorist Perspectives Project: Strategic and Operational Views of al‐Qaida and Associated Movement: Mark E. Stout, et al.  相似文献   

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This article analyzes the al‐Mahdi Scouts, a Lebanese scout group affiliated with Hezbollah. After introducing Hezbollah's social services in Lebanon, the al‐Mahdi Scouts' multifaceted identity and main activities are illustrated. The role in Lebanese society is investigated, along with its cooperation with other scout groups in Lebanon, which takes place mostly within the framework of the Lebanese Scout Federation. I also highlight two controversial issues that emerged in the research. First, it is shown how blurred the distinction is between education and indoctrination. Second, the accusations of terrorism are considered, with two possible approaches identified. The first one looks at Hezbollah as a homogeneous organization, while the second one distinguishes between its military, political, and social wings. While the first approach can legitimately accuse the al‐Mahdi Scouts of terrorism, I argue that the second one is more appropriate because it judges them for their own actions. We cannot just look at this group as Hezbollah's recruitment tool, because its role is more complex and significant. This group provides a portion of Lebanese youth with skills to improve their future and succeed in life, even if it does so by propagating Hezbollah's ideals and beliefs.  相似文献   

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