关于日本大众对侵略战争应承担的责任问题

这是一个令人关注而又必须认真研究的问题。本文所说的“日本大众” ,是指和“日本民众”、“人民大众”具有相同含义 ,也即相对于日本统治阶层、当政者而言的概念。这个问题之所以令人关注 ,是因为长期以来人们习惯于用阶级分析的方法来分析日本人在侵略战争中的作用 ,在人们的意识中 ,人民大众是不会犯错误的 ,发动侵略战争的责任应记在日本天皇、军阀、官僚、财阀 ,即日本统治阶层的账上。如果认为日本大众也有责任 ,人们会担心这不利于将日本民众和日本军国主义者区别开来 ,以孤立日本右翼势力。正因为此 ,国内学术界尚无人专门论及这一…     

The Determinants of Public Policy: What Matters and How Much

This article is a research synthesis addressing four questions critical to our understanding of the determinants of public policy. How often and how strongly do hypothetical determinants of policy—public opinion, interest groups, the party balance, and other factors—actually influence policy? Do some hypothetical determinants of policy have more influence than others? Does the way we measure policy affect our ability to explain it? And is there a connection between how strongly particular variables affect policy, and how much effort we devote to studying them? It turns out that variables hypothesized to influence policy more often than not have no effect. When variables do affect policy, researchers very seldom say anything about how much impact they have. Variables that convey the most information to policymakers about what the public wants have a greater impact than other variables, but it is less clear how the measurement of policy affects our findings. Researchers pay much attention to hypothetical determinants of policy unlikely to matter very much, and little attention to those likely to be the most important. Implications for future research are considered.     

How to Queer the Past Without Sex: Queer Theory, Feminisms and the Archaeology of Identity

A queer archaeology is often equated to looking for ancient homosexuality. As a challenge to heteronormative practice, queer theory, instead, provides a framework for engaging with all aspects of identity formation and the processes and behaviors that mediate it. This article examines two primary points: (1) queer theory’s relationship to feminist practice and archaeology and (2) its application to the construction and production of difference among ancient Maya commoners. Through this analysis, I explore how investigations of identity and status can and should be part of a queer analysis. Work at the Northeast Group, part of the site of Chan, Belize illustrates how focus on internal class composition, specifically change through time, “queers” traditional models of ancient Maya class formation.     

No Idle Past: Uses of History in the 1830 Indian Removal Debates

I n April and May 1830, heated debates occurred in Congress over whether to remove the Cherokee Indians from certain sections of Georgia and resettle them further west, in what would become Oklahoma. Numerous accounts exist examining the events surrounding removal, which resulted in the notorious "Trail of Tears," and the various motivations of the debate participants. Historians have attributed desire for removal to land hunger, humanitarian concern for the Indians'welfare, a desire to shore up national security, and blatant racism. Some see it as part of a continuing struggle against the perceived Indian enemy, and even as a component of the new rhetorical struggle between the Democrats and Whigs as they sought to define political participation during the Second Party system.¹ No author yet, however, has undertaken an examination of the ways in which the debaters manipulated past events in constructing their arguments either in support of removal or against this policy. This article deals specifically with the uses to which history was put in the 1830 congressional debates on Indian removal.     

去伪存真:50年来中国史学家笔下变化着的白朗起义

爆发于1911~1914年间的白朗起义是民国时期一次最大规模的农民起义。中国近代史学者对民国时期的土匪的研究历史悠久,对白朗起义的研究也有特别的兴趣。距离白朗起义失败已经90多年了,在普通民众特别是中国的近代史研究者的眼中,对白朗起义的评价和中国这90多年风风雨雨的历史一样,饱经岁月的沧桑。笔者在此文中将回顾这些变化,由此窥视这些年来中国社会的剧烈变化。     

How the Soul Boy of The 10th Bainqen Is Determined

ＨｏｗｔｈｅＳｏｕｌＢｏｙｏｆＴｈｅ１０ｔｈＢａｉｎｑｅｎＩｓＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ￥／／Ａｎｉｎｓｉｄｅｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｌｏｃａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｉｎｃａｒｎａｔｅｄｓｏｕｌｂｏｙｏｆｔｈｅ１０ｔｈＢａｉｎｑｅｎ．ＡＩＮＡＭ...     

革命的形成:清季十年的转折(上)

清季十年间,朝廷正以前所未有的速度和广度推行全面改革,并无太多特别明显的暴戾苛政和"失道"作为,却爆发了革命,且能较为轻易地速成。对于从帝制到共和的"五千年之大变",应有更深层的梳理、分析和诠释。帝国主义的全面入侵,造成中国权势结构前所未有的巨变。中外竞争的新局面使朝野面临着政治方向、政治结构和政治伦理的根本变革。一个推行了数千年的小政府政治模式,被迫走向必须展现政府作为的"富强"新路;而制度的困境,则使新政带有自毁的意味。更因政治伦理的转换远不如条文制度那样可以速成,政治体制的转型便遇到进一步难以逆转的困境,终不得不让位于被认为更迅捷更有效的革命。     

The Political Order and Corporal Coercion in Kanak Societies of the Past (New Caledonia)

Till the mid-19th century, in Kanak institutions in north central Grande Terre (New Caledonia), chiefs received their titles from the ‘masters of the land’. To add material and symbolic power to their preeminent position, they received human sacrifices, as one of their kinspeople offered his/her body; and they waged warfare outside the chiefdom. Their fame was proportional to control over human bodies. Based on historical sources and ethnographic information gathered in the field, the effort is made to see how these precolonial cannibalistic practices fit into political systems. A comparison is made between Kanak chiefs and Melanesian big men and great men.     

The Heritagescape: Looking at Landscapes of the Past

Heritage sites are one of the most visible, accessible and tangible manifestations of heritage and are also some of the essential building blocks of heritage. Yet we are still without a sense of how they operate over time and in relation to each other. This paper will introduce the notion of the ‘heritagescape’ as a means of interpreting and analysing heritage sites as unique social spaces that offer an experience of the past. In contrast to previous attempts to investigate these places, the heritagescape offers the means to focus both on the underlying similarities and also on the relationships of different sites to each other. As such, heritagescape offers a coherent and overarching methodology by which to identify the universal processes and elements that characterise heritage sites and will allow us to take our examination of heritage as a cultural phenomenon into the future.