A Statistical Method for Analyzing the Spatial Relationship between the Distribution of Activity Points and the Distribution of Activity Continuously Distributed over a Region

This paper shows a statistical method for analyzing the spatial relationship between the distributions of two different kinds of activity in a region. One kind of activity is discretely distributed as points in a region (such as the distribution of retail stores), and the other kind of activity is continuously distributed over the region (such as the distribution of population). First, three models representing the relationship between the above two distributions are formulated. Second, statistical methods for fitting these models to data are developed and the measures of fitness are proposed. Third, using these measures, the relationship between the distributions of thirty-seven kinds of retail stores and the distribution of population is examined in a suburb of Osaka in Japan.     

Statistical Analysis of the Distribution of Points on a Network

This paper shows four statistical methods that examine the distribution of points on a network (such as the distribution of retail stores along streets). The first statistical method is an extension of the nearest-neighbor distance method (the Clark-Evans statistic) defined on a plane to the method defined on a network. The second statistical method examines the effect of categorical attribute values of links (say, types of streets) on the distribution of activity points on a network. The third statistical method examines the effect of infrastructural elements (such as railway stations) on the distribution of activity points on a network. The fourth statistical method examines the compound effect of multiple kinds of infrastructural elements (say, railway stations and big parks) on the distribution of activity points on a network. These methods are discussed with empirical examples.     

A Statistical Method for the Detection of Geographic Clustering

Kernel‐based, smoothed estimates of spatial variables are useful in exploratory analyses because they yield a clear visual image of geographic variability in the underlying variable. In this paper I suggest an approach for assessing the significance of peaks in the surface that result from the application of the smoothing kernel. The approach may also be thought of as a method for assessing the maximum among a set of suitably defined local statistics. Local statistics for data on a regular grid of cells are first defined by using a Gaussian kernel. Results from integral geometry are then used to find the probability that the maximum local statistic (M) exceeds a given critical value (M). Approximations are provided that make implementation of the approach straightforward. Future work will address several other issues associated with local statistics that have been defined in this way, including edge effects, and the effects of global spatial autocorrelation on the choice of critical value.     

The Multi Nearest Neighbor Distance Method for Analyzing the Compound Effect of Infrastructural Elements on the Distribution of Activity Points

We propose a statistical method to analyze the compound effect of infrastructural elements (such as stations, arterial streets, and lakes) on the distribution of activity points (such as retail stores) over a region. First, we formulate a function that explicitly shows the compound effect of infrastructural elements. Second, we show an efficient computational method for estimating this compound function from data. Third, we develop multivariate statistical methods for testing several hypotheses about these compound effects. Last, we examine the compound effect of arterial streets and subway stations on the distribution of “high-class” apartment buildings in Sumida-Kohto, Tokyo.     

Use of the Mathematical Method in the Solution of a Location Problem

Cost minimization criteria are applied to a study of the optimal location of plants for the manufacture of service-industry machines, including street-cleaning equipment, laundry, and dry-cleaning machines. Future national and regional demand for such machines is estimated. The matrix technique is used to identify the economic region for which the aggregate cost of production and transportation of service-industry machines would be minimized. That region is found to be the Volga-Vyatka region, where the estimated cost of producing 315 million rubles worth of service-industry machines is put at 19.5 million rubles. The author does not necessarily exclude the location of manufacturing plants in other regions, if the purpose is to provide employment, as in areas of depleted mineral deposits of the Urals and the Donets Basin or in the agricultural districts of the Southwest and Central Asia.     

Some Aspects of the Development and Location of Industry in the Central Asian Economic Region

Despite rapid industrialization since World War II, Central Asia is still far from exhausting its potential for industrial development based on abundant mineral resources, fuels and energy, and on the most favorable manpower supply of any of the Eastern regions of the USSR. The only limiting factor in economic development is water. In light of the region's resource situation, future development should focus on a diversified industrial expansion involving activities with limited water and metal needs (in the absence of a major regional iron and steel plant) or medium or high energy and labor requirements. This would include nonferrous metals, chemicals (except for those posing a water pollution problem) and expansion of the region's cotton-based production complex, ranging from irrigated cotton culture to finished fabrics.     

The Bearing Correlogram: A New Method of Analyzing Directional Spatial Autocorrelation

Extensions of nondirectional spatial autocorrelation techniques to two dimensions have existed for many years, but the results are difficult to compare to the traditional nondirectional techniques and often lack ease of interpretability. This paper reviews the traditional one‐ and two‐dimensional spatial autocorrelation methods and proposes a new directional method which is both easier to compare to nondirectional methods and easier to interpret than previous directional methods.     

The Integrated Development and Location of the Petrochemical Industry in Industrial Nodes of the Middle Volga Region

The author distinguishes between territorial complexes, typical of old industrial nodes like Kuybyshev and Ufa, where the various processes in the petrochemical production sequence are handled by separate plants, and production complexes, typical of the newer centers, where all the processes are combined under a single combine management.     

A Model for Location of Capacitated Alternative-Fuel Stations

Increased interest in alternative fuels is attributable, in part, to rising oil prices and increasing concern about global warming. A lack of a refueling infrastructure, however, has inhibited the adoption of alternative-fuel vehicles. Little economic incentive exists to mass-produce alternative-fuel vehicles until a network of stations exists that can refuel a reasonable number of trips. The flow refueling location model (FRLM) was developed to minimize the investment necessary to create a refueling infrastructure by optimizing the location of fueling stations. The original uncapacitated FRLM assumes that the presence of a refueling station is sufficient to serve all flows passing through a node, regardless of their volume. This article introduces the capacitated flow refueling location model that limits the number of vehicles refueled at each station. It also introduces a modified objective function maximizing vehicle-miles traveled instead of trips, applies both models to an intercity network for Arizona, and formulates several other extensions.     

An Extended K Function Method for Analyzing Distributions of Polygons with GIS

The objective of this paper is to develop a K function method for analyzing distributions of polygon-like entities in the real world by extending Ripley’s K function method. Many empirical studies using the K function method assume that entities are represented by points. If entities are small enough in comparison with a study area, this approximation may be acceptable. If not, polygon-like entities may not be approximated by points. To deal with polygon-like entities, this paper develops a K function method for analyzing distributions of polygons. First, the paper shows a method for extending the local K function of points to that of polygons. Second, the paper compares the result obtained from the K function of polygons with that of the points representing the polygons and shows a distinctive difference. Third, the paper formulates the cross K function method of polygons to analyze the relationship between two distributions of polygons of different kinds. Fourth, the paper implements the methods in GIS. Last, the paper applies the cross K function method of polygons to actual distributions of buildings of different uses in Aoyama, Tokyo.     

Statistical Methods for Evaluating the Geometrical Hierarchy of a Network

The objective of this paper is to present statistical methods for evaluating the geometrical hierarchy of a network in comparison with a random hierarchy network. First, the random hierarchy network is explicitly formulated by four stochastic processes in which line segments or lines, which represent roads, are randomly placed and their placement is independent of their ranks. Second, under these stochastic processes, this paper derives the expected value and variance of i) the number of intersections between roads of different ranks; and ii) the distance from an arbitrary point to the nearest highest-ranked road through two kinds of routes. Using these expected values, the intersection index and the detour index are proposed, and it is shown that these indicators are useful for evaluating the geometrical hierarchy of a network. As calculation of these indices is laborious, an efficient computational method is developed, and its application to an actual example is described.     

斗鸡台瓦鬲形制分析方法的再研究

苏秉琦先生对斗鸡台瓦鬲形制的分析,学术界公认为是中国考古学早期类型学研究的经典之作。然而这些方法在处理大批量样本时,有些并不十分实用。在本文中,作者认为考古类型学研究应该进行量化改进。基于这种认识,作者运用了相关分析和两步聚类法等统计学方法探讨了斗鸡台瓦鬲的形制,并修正了过去的一些方法和结论。     

A Family of Location Models for Multiple-Type Discrete Dispersion

One of the defining objectives in location science is to maximize dispersion. Facilities can be dispersed for a wide variety of purposes, including attempts to optimize competitive market advantage, disperse negative impacts, and optimize security. With one exception, all of the extant dispersion models consider only one type of facility, and ignore problems where multiple types of facilities must be located. We provide examples where multiple-type dispersion is appropriate and based on this develop a general class of facility location problems that optimize multiple-type dispersion. This family of models expands on the previously formulated definitions of dispersion for single types of facilities, by allowing the interactions among different types of facilities to determine the extent to which they will be spatially dispersed. We provide a set of integer-linear programming formulations for the principal models of this class and suggest a methodology for intelligent constraint elimination. We also present results of solving a range of multiple-type dispersion problems optimally and demonstrate that only the smallest versions of such problems can be solved in a reasonable amount of computer time using general-purpose optimization software. We conclude that the family of multiple-type dispersion models provides a more comprehensive, flexible, and realistic framework for locating facilities where weighted distances should be maximized, when compared with the special case of locating only a single type of facility.     

Local Community Participation in the Planning Process: A Case of Bounded Communicative Rationality

The article contributes to the discussions of the relationships between planners and the local community, with a focus on the intervention of the planner in reaching reflexivity and just decisions. In spite of the commonly acknowledged phenomenon of local communities that protest against “unwanted” risk facilities, the principal contradiction in the problem formulation between their lifeworld and the structure of modern institutions has received little attention. This is the focus of the following case study, which explores the communicative activity of the local community within a planning process of mining in a new EU member state. In the theoretical section, I discuss the theory of Habermas to re-investigate the widely criticized foundations of communicative planning. I approach the statements of Habermas with the help of Luhmann to reveal that their different viewpoints may be complementary rather than oppositional. The empirical analysis focuses on the lifeworld of the affected community members and the decision-making process by institutions. The analysis reveals preconditions embedded deeply in the planning process that prevents community members from the introduction of their vision of the issue.     

A Mathematical Method for Partitioning a Territory

Two regional characteristics—contiguity (connectivity) and compactness—are described mathematically. An integer programming model is constructed to allocate a system of points optimally (in terms of the compactness criterion) to subgroups whose number is not given beforehand. The conditions that each element of the regional breakdown must satisfy are given in the form of linear constraints of the regional population structure.     

A Feminist Framework for Analyzing Powered Cultural Landscapes in Historical Archaeology

“Powered cultural landscapes” is my term for landscapes that express social power dynamics. Historical archaeologists have not adopted or developed adequate definitions or theorizations of the terms “power” or “landscape.” Since these terms are predominantly considered separately in the literature, this article first briefly defines power and develops a heterarchical theory of power. Then cultural landscapes are defined and categories of human-landscape interactions are constructed. The bulk of the article applies my heterarchical paradigm to analyze the social power dynamics in selected examples of historical archaeological research concerned with each category of human-landscape interaction.     

行为区位论的初步研究

本文论述了行为区位论的产生和发展历程,分析了区位决策行为、空间位移行为和消费行为空间等模式,并对行为区位论在区位理论中的地位和作用进行了评价。