罗马平民起源问题初探

在罗马早期史研究中，平民(Plebs)的起源问题是一个难点。自19世纪以来，西方学术界一直存在着各种不同的意见和争论。围绕“罗马平民最初是否属于罗马共同体的成员”这个问题，一些学认为，罗马平民主要来自王政时代被征服地区的移民，对于以“罗马人民”     

匈奴西迁问题研究综述(上)

匈奴西迁以及是否曾抵欧洲,长期以来受到中外学术界的广泛关注。18世纪,西方学者在探讨匈人起源时首先涉及到这个问题,提出了公元4世纪后期出现于罗马边境的匈人即为西迁的匈奴的观点。此后,西方学术界围绕匈人与匈奴关系的问题展开了长达两个多世纪的讨论,并把寻求匈奴西迁史迹作为解决这一问题的重要线索之一。我国学者对这一问题的研究起步较晚,且深受当时西方流行的匈人、匈奴同族论及匈奴西迁欧洲说的影响,这种局面在20世纪90年代才略有所转变。本文主要根据个人所掌握的材料,对国内外学术界研究匈奴与匈人关系及匈奴西迁问题的历史过…     

试析罗马早期平民的身份地位

古罗马早期平民的身份地位问题长期以来存在着许多争论和误解。由于罗马平民的主体是外来的,因此平民与罗马人民同他们定居和劳动的土地的关系本质不同。平民在政治、法律、婚姻、宗教生活等方面受到的种种歧视表明,罗马平民起初是从属于城邦的无公民权的自由人。     

罗马划分财产等级的起源及其原则意义

对公民及其财产实行普查,划分财产等级,确定相应的权利和义务,这是罗马城市国家一项重要的组织制度。这一制度随着罗马城市国家的产生而产生,在共和时代获得进一步的发展,后来由于城邦制度逐渐瓦解才趋于衰落。在罗马城市国家存在的历史时期,公民按财产分为等级同贵族、平民的等级区分交织在一起,显示了罗马公民集体或称公民公社等级制度的特点,构成了公民集体组织结构的基础,在社会生活中起着重要作用。限于篇幅,本文专门论述罗马划分财产等级的起源,探讨其原则意义。     

古罗马水道研究的历史考察

欧美学者对古罗马水道的研究可以分为三个历史时期。16、17世纪,受文艺复兴运动的影响,欧洲学者在研究古罗马水道时充分继承了古典遗产,但过分依赖文献,忽略了对遗迹的考察与研究。19世纪和20世纪初,关于古罗马水道研究的成果集中在考古学和地志学领域。在特定的时代背景下,对古罗马水道的研究服务于现实政治的需求。20世纪60年代开始,在德国学者的推动下,对古罗马水道工程技术的研究取得了巨大进展。此外,学者们对古罗马水道的个案研究和微观研究也硕果累累,但这类研究存在较大局限性。总体而言,古罗马水道研究仍有进一步拓展的空间。     

试论罗马起源传说的生成与演变

罗马起源传说形成于公元前5世纪一前3世纪,其思想渊源可追溯到史前的图腾崇拜、圣火崇拜等原始信仰。罗马古代聚落神话和建城传说的某些内容很可能并非凭空虚构,其中隐含着人们对史前社会演进的历史记忆。本地的和在希腊人中流传的罗马起源传说各不相同,平行发展;很可能由于罗马从奉埃涅阿斯为祖先的拉维尼乌姆城引进双子邦神崇拜（Penates,Dioscuri）为契机,衍生出埃涅阿斯的后代罗穆路斯和雷穆斯兄弟创建罗马的传说,从而使两种罗马起源传说系统实现了整合。     

被保护人与罗马早期社会的等级冲突

罗马早期社会中的被保护人同贵族、平民的关系微妙。一方面,被保护人依附于贵族氏族;另一方面,他们的社会地位与平民接近。这种中间身份使被保护人阶层成为政治斗争中的一枚重要棋子。在某种意义上,贵族与平民的命运都取决于被保护人的立场。在等级冲突的初期(公元前5—前4世纪前期),被保护人总是帮助贵族反对平民的保民官。公元前4世纪后期情况发生了变化,被保护人似乎逐渐摆脱了贵族的控制。一种学术假说认为,在等级冲突中发生了一场被保护人的革命。     

甘肃临潭磨沟寺洼文化墓葬出土铁器与中国冶铁技术起源

自20世纪20年代起,就已有学者对中国钢铁技术起源问题进行讨论,50年代以后,随着考古工作的进展和对出土铁器及冶铁遗址的研究,已初步掌握了中国古代钢铁技术的起源、发展与传播等一系列问题的基本面貌。但是,对于冶铁技术起源的年代众说纷纭,有夏代及夏代以前起源、商代起源、西周和春秋起     

出土文献与楚族起源研究

楚族起源与早期楚文化的发展是目前楚文化研究的热点之一。自从20世纪30年代出现楚族起源的专门研究开始,形成了"东来说"、"西来说"、"土著说"、"北来说"四种观点。学者们各有支持,但楚族起源的问题一直没有形成定论。随着新蔡葛陵楚简、清华简《楚居》等新材料不断出土,学者们开始利用最新的出土文字资料,找出楚族起源的新证据。结合传世文献、古文字和考古学等方面的材料判断,楚族起源的"北来说"相比其他各说较为合理。     

国家和王权研究的理论建树——读王震中著《中国古代国家的起源与王权的形成》

<正>中国古代国家起源与王权形成的研究,是中国古代文明起源研究中最为核心的课题,具有非常重要的意义。从20世纪20年代到80年代,郭沫若《中国古代社会研究》,侯外庐《中国古典社会史论》(后改名为《中国古代社会史论》),夏鼐《中国文明的起源》等前辈学者,对于这一课题的研究做出了重要贡献。20世纪90年代初,王震中先生《中国文明起源的比较研究》一书另辟蹊径,独树一帜,就已在学术界产生广泛影响。2013年,由中国社会科学出版社出版的王震中先生新著《中国古代国家的起源与王权的形成》①,在总结以往研究成果基础上,对中国国家起源及发展的研究又做出     

“丝绸西销导致罗马帝国经济衰落说”源流辨析

中国丝绸西销导致罗马帝国经济衰落说是学界较为流行的一种观点。梳理这一观点的源流、脉络,分析这一观点所依赖的基础,是探究的重点。研究的最后结论是:进入罗马的中国丝绸不但数量少,而且对帝国经济的影响非常有限,根本无法撼动罗马帝国的根基。     

Roman lava quarries in the Eifel region (Germany): geochemical data for millstone provenance studies

Roman millstones of assumed Eifel origin were produced and exported in huge quantities to many parts of Roman Europe and can be used as tracers for trade patterns in Roman times. This study presents for the first time a raw-material centred geochemical definition of the 13 well-known Roman basaltic lava quarries in the Quaternary East and West Eifel volcanic fields. The aim is to find a way to characterize the individual exploitation sites precisely by means of their geochemical composition and to recommend a standard procedure for further millstone provenance analysis. Based on major and trace element composition analyses by XRF, a differentiation of each quarry is achieved by using a combination of geochemical discrimination and cluster and discriminant analysis. Therefore, for provenance analysis of a unknown millstone sample the following procedure is recommended: (1) geochemical discrimination to check if it actually belongs to the volcanic Eifel quarries; (2) cluster analysis to check to which quarry or cluster of quarries the millstone can be affiliated; and (3) discriminant analysis to assign the sample to its quarry of origin with a certain confidence.     

Roman Glazed Ceramics in the Western Mediterranean: Chemical Characterization by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry of Ceramic Bodies

Several objects of Roman lead-glazed ceramic, found inHispania(Spain), were sampled and analysed in order to characterize them to study the spread of glazed ceramic in the western Mediterranean. Chemical analyses were carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry.Studies of the chemical composition of the ceramic bodies indicate that ceramics from two different production centres reachedHispaniaduring the Roman period: a non-calcareous fabric, coming from Lyon workshops, and calcareous bodies with bicoloured glazes from another main production centre, which is suggested to be Italy. Other objects, of central Gaulish or eastern origin, have also been found in the western Mediterranean, but only occasionally.     

Roman Urbanism: A View from the Countryside

The towns of Roman Britain have been subject to a long tradition of empirical research and discussion, but far less attention has been paid to the landscape context in which they developed. This paper considers the implications of this caveat for our understanding of Roman urbanism and suggests that most previous approaches have internalized the study of towns as social institutions and have failed to give due weight to the role of local rural agency in influencing the character of urban development. In so doing, it is suggested that the potential role of other important and competing nodes of economic, political and religious life, such as forts, fortresses, vici and small towns as well as rural sanctuaries and other settlements, is also not given due consideration in discussing the distinctive character of urbanism in Roman Britain.     

中国西南早期对外交通——先秦两汉的南方丝绸之路

中外古文献里多有先秦两汉时期中国西南对外交通的记载。古希腊罗马文献中关于东方的赛里斯、长寿者等貌似怪诞现象的记述,并不完全是无稽之谈,而有着几分中国古史传说的真实素地,在上古时代的中国西南有迹可寻,应是古希腊罗马作家根据他们在中亚和印度时的耳闻所作的记述,表明当时已有从中国西南至印度和中亚的交通线。先秦两汉中国古文献的有关记载,可以证实中国西南早期对外交通的实际情况。成都平原三星堆文化和金沙遗址考古中不少印度和近东文化因素的发现与研究,则从考古学上证明了商周时期中国西南对外交通的存在。     

PROVENANCING AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF ROMAN MILLSTONES FROM SARDINIA (ITALY)

Summary. Sardinia was an important Roman settlement and trade centre between 238 BC–500 AD and is an ideal site for study of Roman trade. Study of Roman millstones in Sardinia shows that the commonest type is the Pompeian (hour-glass) mill (forty-eight stones studied), with smaller numbers of cylindrical hand querns (sixteen stones studied). Most of these millstones are composed of igneous rocks which include grey vesicular lavas of basic/intermediate composition and a distinctive reddish rhyolitic ignimbrite. There is historical and archaeological evidence for millstone manufacture at six localities in Sardinia. Visual and petrographic study and X-ray fluorescence analysis for major and trace elements of seventeen millstone samples, and fifty rock samples from potential source areas have been used to provenance the igneous rock millstones. The grey vesicular lava millstones have varied sources within the Tertiary-Recent volcanic rocks of Sardinia, while the millstones composed of rhyolitic ignimbrite are from a single source of Tertiary ignimbrite at Mulargia (central west Sardinia). A single hand mill from the north of Sardinia was imported probably from Agde in southern France, and is the only sample composed of non-local rock. Mulargia millstones were widely traded within the western Mediterranean and show a rapid decrease in frequency of occurrence with increasing distance from the source. Sardinia was therefore an important centre of Roman millstone production and a source of millstone trade during the period of Roman settlement.     

NEOLITHIC AXES FROM ROMAN SITES IN BRITAIN

Finds of Neolithic axes are usually regarded primarily as evidence for Neolithic occupation in the area of the findspot. Neolithic axes from Roman contexts are also usually regarded in this way, often being classed as residual material. However, a study of axes from Roman sites in Britain has shown that they may well have been deliberately collected, in the Roman period, for religious or superstitious reasons. Many have been found on sites of a religious nature (an aspect well documented for temple sites on the Continent) and the beliefs associated with such axes may have been widespread.     

Notices of Books

Abstract

The three greatest German buildings of the first half of the eleventh century were of an ambition not to be found elsewhere in contemporary Europe and were modelled directly on Roman Imperial prototypes. They demonstrate a new grandeur of spirit that is typical of German architecture of the time, but in their precise forms, remarkably enough, they remained unique in that country. Archbishop Heribert's huge rotunda at Deutz was partly inspired by the Pantheon, and since Heribert had been Otto III's chief politician and Italian Chancellor for the previous six years the building was an important monument of Otto III's political policy of ‘Renovatio Imperii Romanorum’. The re-creation of Roman Imperial grandeur that these and other German buildings represent is essentially Romanesque and to call them anything else is not to do them justice. The idea of an Ottonian style of architecture has not been helpful.     

The temptations of cult: Roman martyr piety in the age of Gregory the Great

Pope Gregory the Great (590–604) was arguably the most important Roman writer and civic leader of the early middle ages; the Roman martyrs were certainly the most important cult figures of the city. However modern scholarship on the relationship between Gregory and the Roman martyrs remains curiously underdeveloped, and has been principally devoted to comparison of the gesta martyrum with the stories of Italian holy men and women (in particular St Benedict) told by Gregory in his Dialogues; in the past generation the Dialogues have come to be understood as a polemic against the model of sanctity proposed by the Roman martyr narratives. This paper explores Gregory's role in the development of Roman martyr cult in the context of the immediate social world of Roman clerical politics of the sixth and seventh centuries. Gregory's authority as bishop of Rome was extremely precarious: the Roman clerical hierarchy with its well-developed protocols did not take kindly to the appearance of Gregory and his ascetic companions. In the conflict between Gregory and his followers, and their opponents, both sides used patronage of martyr cult to advance their cause. In spite of the political necessity of engaging in such 'competitive generosity', Gregory was also concerned to channel martyr devotion, urging contemplation on the moral achievements of the martyrs – which could be imitated in the present – as opposed to an aggressive and unrestrained piety focused on their death. Gregory's complex attitude to martyr cult needs to be differentiated from that which was developed over a century later, north of the Alps, by Carolingian readers and copyists of gesta martyrum and pilgrim guides, whose approach to the Roman martyrs was informed by Gregory's own posthumous reputation.     

ON THE WHITE AND COLOURED MARBLES OF THE ROMAN TOWN OF CUICUL (DJEMILA,ALGERIA)

This paper reports the results of an archaeometric study of the local and imported marbles found in the Roman town of Cuicul (now Djemila, Algeria), a research project funded by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union. Of the few imported coloured lithotypes that have been found, four are of Greek origin and one was imported from Asia Minor. In addition, two other classical Roman coloured stones found on the site are probably of local North African origin (most likely one from Numidia and one from Algeria). With regard to the grey and white marbles employed in the statuary and architecture, petrographic study in thin section and the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopic data emphasize the frequent use of the local fine‐grained lithotype from Filfila (Skikda) together with imported Greek lithotypes (i.e., Pentelic marble, the dolomitic variety of Thasian marble, and Parian marble from Lakkoi) as well as different varieties of the so‐called ‘greco scritto’, whose provenance in some cases still remains uncertain. In fact, the petrographic and geochemical features of the marbles do not always match those known for the classical ‘greco scritto’ from the quarry of Cap de Garde, near Annaba (Algeria).