2018年渤海湾西岸地区盐业考古调查简报

为明确渤海湾西岸地区战国以后盐业遗址的分布与保存状况,2018年春季,河北省文物考古研究院等单位在以黄骅市为中心的沿海区域开展了盐业考古专项调查。调查共发现和复查了战国至明清时期的55处遗址。经初步判断,大部分与盐业生产有关。本文按照时代先后顺序介绍了调查发现的典型遗址和遗物,并得出了一些认识:战国时,渤海湾西部沿岸应为齐国产盐区,主要生产区在武帝台贝壳堤附近和以西,调查区处于边缘位置;隋唐时期遗址点较少可能与海侵活动有关,但盐业遗址的功能、布局特征仍体现了较高的生产专业化水平;宋金元时期的遗址数量激增,说明本时期是渤海湾西岸盐业生产的繁荣期,与文献记载较为一致。     

试论汉代关中地区铁器生产原料的来源与流通——邰城铸铁作坊出土铁遗物的冶金分析

关中地区汉代铁器工业的工作和讨论不多,2010年发现的邰城遗址铸铁作坊,这一问题提供了重要的新材料。本文在对作坊出土铁遗物全面整理的基础上,选择107件样品进行金相组织分析。结果显示,废弃的铁遗物中,多数为白口铁和灰口铁残块,以及若干铸铁脱碳钢工具和坯料、炒钢工具或坯料、韧性铸铁工具和麻口铁工具或容器残块。此外,还从遗址土壤中筛选出与锻造有关、一般称为"锻造剥片"的薄铁片遗物。遗物的空间分布分析表明这些铁遗物集中回收准备重熔后,因某种原因工匠无法利用而集中废弃。邰城铸铁作坊很可能通过回收附近聚落的废弃铁器重熔生产,但部分铁遗物并非由本作坊直接生产。除铸铁外,作坊还可能以锻造方式生产或修补铁器。因此,对邰城作坊的分析,有助于认识汉代关中地区县级聚落中铁器作坊的运作和资源流通分配情况。     

偃师白草坡东汉帝陵陵园遗址

2006年7月,为配合国家重点建设工程,对偃师市境内的东汉帝陵和陪葬墓群进行了调查、钻探和发掘。其中一处陵园遗址位于庞村镇白草坡村东北,遗址外围构建夯士垣墙,内分布有成组的房屋、庭院和粮窖。房屋建筑基址四周有排水设施,个别地段发现了道路遗迹。出土遗物主要有陶器、铜器、铁器和陶建筑材料等。根据建筑基址的遗迹、遗物,可以证明这里应是一处东汉时期的帝陵陵园遗址。     

战国秦汉制陶工序研究

目前学界对战国秦汉时期制陶业的研究多集中在陶窑结构及烧制技术方面,而对制陶工序的讨论较少。文章以民族志材料中陶器生产工序和制陶遗址中遗迹、遗物的功能分区为线索,复原了战国秦汉时期的制陶工序,并进一步讨论了当时陶器生产的专业化等问题。     

湖北丹江口市玉皇庙遗址调查简报

玉皇庙遗址位于湖北省丹江口市境内,现为丹江口水库中一小岛。1995年,文物工作者对南水北调工程文物调查时发现该遗址。在遗址采集新石器时代和周代遗物。新石器时代遗物与青龙泉和大寺遗址、朱家台遗址和乱石滩遗址等出土的同期遗物相近。周代遗物与官山河两岸早年发现的同期遗物相似。     

额济纳旗巴彦陶来遗址调查简报

巴彦陶来遗址位于内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟额济纳旗达来呼布镇乌素荣贵嘎查东16公里的沙漠地带.2009年5月额济纳旗文物管理所在开展第三次全国文物普查中发现,此后我所先后两次组织业务人员对该遗址进行了复查.由于该遗址距乌素荣贵嘎查境内巴彦陶来农场较近,因此命名为巴彦陶来遗址.2011年4月,旗内一些闲散人员进入遗址内捡拾地表遗物,并用筛子筛选石镞,使遗址受到严重破坏,旗文物管理所配合旗公安干警对此进行了专项整治,收缴了部分遗物.2011年7月,额济纳旗文物管理所、阿拉善盟博物馆和相关单位人员又一次调查了遗址.在调查工作中先后采集了部分陶器和石器标本及少量的贝类等遗物,现将调查情况简报如下.     

湖北郧西县五斗种遗址发掘简报

郧西五斗种遗址发掘出土一批具楚文化特点的遗物以及陶窑等遗迹,还有动物骨骼、铁器等.简报介绍遗址发掘工作,对遗物文化特点进行简要分析,对遗址微地貌、动物骨骼与古环境、动物骨骼与遗址经济特点等也提出初步认识.     

陶器专业化大生产的民族考古学调查与研究

考古遗址中出土的陶器及相关遗物遗迹,蕴含了丰富的信息,可以为了解陶器的技术、文化和社会等属性提供最直接的证据。通过有目的的民族志调查,借以从民族考古方面尝试研究陶器生产及其体现出的专业化程度和生产组织方式,可以为研究古代社会的制陶业及相关问题提供有效的帮助。这种通过对现存原始制陶作坊的调查,并与考古遗址出土陶器进行对比研究,是探究体现在陶器背后的各种属性的有效途径之一。     

辽宁桓仁浑江流域新石器及青铜时期的遗迹和遗物

桓仁县位于辽宁东部山区,县境内的一条主要河流——浑江,由东南向西北方向流过。浑江流域土质肥沃,水源充足,非常适合于人们生活和居住。经过1980年的全县文物普查以及近年来不断进行的考古调查,发现浑江流域古文化遗迹和遗物分布密集,仅新石器至青铜时期的遗迹分布地点近20余处。这些文化遗迹和遗物,具有辽东山区古文化的特点。现选8处文化遗物较集中的遗址和墓地,进行简单的比较和探讨。     

西安市长安区冯村北西周时期制骨作坊

2011年和2013年,中国社会科学院考古研究所丰镐队对丰镐遗址内马王镇冯村北的制骨作坊进行了发掘,遗迹主要为灰坑和墓葬。灰坑出土遗物有陶片、骨料和骨器。根据地层和出土遗物推断制骨作坊的时代为西周晚期偏早。遗址的发掘,为研究丰镐遗址手工业作坊布局与聚落布局等提供了重要的资料。     

数字近景摄影测量在秦始皇陵百戏坑考古中的应用研究

既要保留遗迹在不同阶段的信息资料,又不影响发掘研究工作的继续进行,一直是考古工作者探索研究的问题。为配合秦始皇陵百戏俑坑的考古发掘工作,为后续考古研究和文物遗迹的保护提供必要的基础信息资料,针对大场景考古发掘现场,通过数字全站仪对文物挖掘现场布设的一定数量控制点进行观测获取其三维点位坐标。利用非量测数码相机获取现场多航带序列影像,通过数码相机检校、自动空中三角测量、影像特征提取与影像匹配、数字微分纠正等数字近景摄影测量方法,获取反映发掘现场文物分布情况的数字高程模型(DEM)和正射影像(DOM)数据。在生成的正射影像图上进行文物轮廓线条的提取,获得发掘现场文物的正射投影矢量图。实现文物位置、形状及分布的平面量测。实验证明:该方法不仅可大面积、快速获取文物挖掘现场文物分布的正射投影平面图,实现考古数字制图,而且能保证一定的精度。具有较高的推广应用价值。     

Feature Discovery and the Sampling Requirements of Archaeological Evaluations

Abstract

Features are important deposits whose density and distribution pose acute sampling problems for archaeological investigations. Excavation is inherently a sampling process, but the ability of excavation samples to meet two important criteria—discovery of features and precise estimation of their frequency—rarely is assessed and often is doubtful. Combining archaeological data on feature density and distribution from Midwestern U.S. sites with appropriate statistical theory, this paper shows that conventional sample standards often are inadequate to meet the criteria. This failure has grave implications for the preservation and management of archaeological sites.     

潮湿土遗址隔水防潮技术对比研究

潮湿土遗址的破坏,很大程度上是受水的影响,目前国内几个潮湿土遗址经常使用的防水隔水措施主要有:挡水墙、隔水廊道、拱券法和抽水法。经过对几种方法进行总结评价,可看出拱券法是最有效的方法。     

河北及京津地区早中全新世文化的时空分布及其气候环境因素

本文根据考古学14C年代数据和考古遗存情况,结合高分辨率的地层和古气候研究资料,分析了河北及京津地区早中全新世文化的时空分布格局以及影响遗址分布的地貌和气候因素。该地区早中全新世文化时间序列为:早期新石器时代文化(10,000~8,800 yr BP)、新石器早中期之间的文化缺环(约8,800~7,300 yr BP)、7,300~6,500yr BP的磁山.兴隆洼.北福地一期三大文化系统并立发展时期以及6,500~6,000 yr BP的前仰韶文化时期。文化序列与气候序列对比发现:文化发展很大程度上受到气候条件的制约。从文化分布空间来看,具有如下特征:首先,早中全新世时期的文化分布在与当时海岸线平行的弧形地带上,这种分布格局与气候和地貌条件有关。在排除了地势高亢和海侵影响地区后,太行山东麓到古海岸线之间的弧形地带成为最佳选择。其次,从遗址分布高度来看,当时人仍居住在较高地貌面上,海侵及众多湖沼阻止了人类向东部平原腹地迈进的步伐。     

Multiple inventories and divided archaeology in the West Bank: An assessment of databases in the Etzion Bloc

This paper presents and discusses an assessment of the scope, priorities, and coverage of existing archaeological datasets, via database comparison and on-the-ground re-survey of all accessible known sites in one region of the West Bank, the Etzion Bloc. The main goal of this survey was to assess the current inventories listing archaeological sites in the Etzion Bloc, an area that brings together an interesting range of archaeological and geographical issues that result directly from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This database assessment and review of listed archaeological sites included the verification of site existence and the examination of sites’ modern context, accessibility, current condition, potential threats, and the accuracy of their recorded location. The results of this fieldwork demonstrate the importance of keeping data up-do-date, provide suggestions on how to enhance the structure and contents of current inventories, and help prioritize and inform plans for further archaeological fieldwork in this region.     

Some spatial analyses of Chalcolithic settlement in Southern Israel

This paper is a brief investigation of one of the outstanding problems in Chalcolithic archaeology in the Negev desert of Israel: that of the spatial distribution of sites and the possible relationships between these sites that may be inferred. Although the region is rich in archaeological data for the Chalcolithic period, very little work has thus far been undertaken in terms of the quantification of the archaeological data – a necessary prerequisite for complex spatial analysis. Nevertheless, simple analysis of settlement patterns using the data presently available for 403 Chalcolithic sites in the Negev is given as an example. Autocorrelation tests measuring clustering and dispersion of sites show that the overall impression of clustering is a factor of access to farming land, water, grazing and Mediterranean maquis, but that smaller scale analysis suggests that settlement patterns were essentially random. This makes it difficult to argue in favour of settlement hierarchies or structured settlement of any kind.     

Assessing the distribution of African Palaeolithic sites: a predictive model of collagen degradation

In order to assess the distribution of African Palaeolithic sites and hominin remains, we need an understanding of the factors that may affect the preservation of archaeological material in the fossil record. One of the main factors that is thought to affect seriously the global distribution of fossil remains is taphonomy, but it would seem that taphonomic processes may themselves be overprinted by collagen degradation.The rate of collagen loss is highly temperature dependent, and it has been shown that bone is more likely to be preserved in areas of lower temperature and so lower collagen loss. Hence, it would be expected that fossil fauna remains would be distributed in areas of low collagen loss, i.e. low temperature. Conversely, lithics will not be subject to a temperature bias in their preservation. We have tested this hypothesis through the use of archaeological material.Our results show that the distributions of both lithic and faunal assemblages are non-random across the African continent, with all archaeological sites being found in areas of relatively low collagen degradation. This implies that bone collagen degradation is not the only factor affecting the distribution of African Palaeolithic sites and hominin remains. We suggest that the site distribution is not a reflection of bias in excavation history, but is a real phenomenon reflecting hominin habitat choice.     

Satellite Remote Sensing Methods for Monitoring Archaeological Tells in the Middle East

Abstract

Using a variety of types of satellite imagery (SPOT, Corona, Landsat, and Quickbird) and concentrating on archaeological sites in the Egyptian floodplain, this paper proposes methods for monitoring the rate of archaeological site destruction in the Middle East. This image analysis shows how tells can be documented and monitored from computers anywhere in the world, emphasizing the multispectral capabilities and applications of satellites. The effects of population growth, looting, urban expansion, and war on archaeological sites in Egypt are reviewed, and a system is proposed to record sites by focusing on their individual spectral profiles. The analysis demonstrates how satellite imagery analysis can be applied to similar flood plain environments in Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq.     

哈密地区烽燧的调查与初步研究

哈密是丝绸之路上的重要绿洲城市,历代在哈密留下了大量的烽燧遗址。本文依据考古调查资料,试图用考古学的方法对哈密烽燧进行研究,区分不同的形制,并就相关问题进行探讨。