Maize, Matrilocality, Migration, and Northern Iroquoian Evolution

The co-occurrence of matrilocality and maize-based agriculture among historical northern Iroquoian groups of New York and southern Ontario has long been of interest to anthropologists and archaeologists. The traditional explanation of this association is that gradual evolution of maize-based agriculture through female labor enhanced female status in families, which resulted in matrilocality. Dean Snow (1995a) recently challenged this in situ hypothesis of matrilocality by arguing that the sudden appearance of maize-based agriculture and matrilocality can only be explained by the migration of ancestral Iroquoian agriculturists into areas already inhabited by other people. Matrilocality arose because it allowed a focus on external warfare by men against the hostile original inhabitants. In contrast, and based on a general model of maize agriculture evolution and the effects of postmarital residence patterns on that model, I argue that neither in situ development hypothesis nor Snow's migration hypothesis affect the coevolution of matrilocality and maize agriculture, and that their sudden appearance cannot be used as evidence in support of either hypothesis. I also show that current archaeological evidence for maize agriculture and matrilocality support a gradual coevolution of maize agriculture and matrilocality rather than the sudden appearance argued by Snow.     

Migration and Cultural Change: The Northern Iroquoian Case in South-Central Ontario

This paper explores processes of cultural change by contrasting migration scenarios with in situ cultural development. I argue that a detailed, fine-grained analysis of patterning within the archaeological record provides the means with which to distinguish between these scenarios. The archaeology of the Rice Lake–Trent River region in south-central Ontario provides a case study for the investigation of these processes of cultural change across the Middle to Late Woodland transition and in relation to the origins of Northern Iroquoians. Expectations for ceramic patterning are derived from each cultural change scenario and then evaluated against the regional database. This assessment is facilitated through the use of two statistical techniques: frequency distributions and correspondence analysis. The results clearly demonstrate both continuity and patterned change within the region, thus supporting the in situ hypothesis. I place these findings in a broader context through comparisons with contemporary developments in southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec and northern New York State.     

Multipolis: High-technology Network in Northern Finland

Multipolis is a publicly funded innovation-oriented regional policy instrument to develop high technology in northern Finland. Northern Finland has few experts, under 1000 high-technology enterprises and a small market in a territory of 155,100 square kilometres with 716,000 inhabitants. Multipolis connects high-technology enterprises in, and between, 15 specialized high-technology clusters, regional developers and higher education and research institutes. Multipolis combines the technologically highly developed functional urban region of Oulu (“technopolis”) and the rest of northern Finland (“learning region”). Multipolis has enhanced cooperation, acquisition of new information, social networks and common projects by high-technology enterprises. However, the management of the Multipolis network requires more attention.     

Northern Samaria: A Process-Pattern Analysis of Rural Settlement

In northern Samaria, Arab settlement has expanded by a process of colonization from parent villages during the past century. The changes in settlement patterns were analysed and the relative tendencies for randomness, regularity, and clustering were then estimated by variance/mean ratios, to test whether the settlement process can be explained by Hudson's three-stage model for rural settlement. No definite answer could be given, because the effects of soils and terrain were dominant in all parts of the area, but the finding that the settlements tend to be grouped even in the initial stage suggests that Hudson's theory is inadequate.
Au nord de la Samarie, la colonisation Arabe s'est étendue par un processus de colonisation de villages parents pendant le dernier siècle. Les changements dans les forms de colonisations ont été analysés et les tendances relatives pour caractère de regularité, caractère à l'aléatoire, et caractère d'accumulation ont allors été estimées par proportions de variation/moyenne, pour examiner si le processus de colonisation par trois phases de Hudson peut être expliqué pour le modèle de colonisation rurale. Une réponse définitive n'a pas pu être donnée parce que les effets de sol et reliefs étaient dominants dans toutes les parties des environs, mais le résultat que les colonisations ont tendance de se grouper même dans la phase initiative suggère que la théorie de Hudson est inadéquate.     

Social Processes in Lobbyist Agenda Development: A Longitudinal Network Analysis of Interest Groups and Legislation

How are lobbying agendas formed? While individual interest matters, a social process may also affect why lobbyists choose legislation on which to lobby. In a crowded environment, looking at what credible others do may help lobbyists lower their search and information costs with regard to an issue. Using longitudinal network data on lobbyists' legislative choices, I analyze the choices of organizations using an actor‐based dynamic model of network change that conditions agenda changes on the choices made by other organizations. The results suggest both a “bandwagon” process in which organizations converge on “popular” bills and an influence process in which lobbying organizations influence each other when their lobbying agendas overlap. In support of the quantitative findings, interviews with lobbyists show that the policy domain is a social community that consists of ongoing relationships, trust, and information sharing.     

Ethnic Inequalities in the Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis

This article uses empirical data to discuss the links between ethnicity, inequality and governance in a framework that divides countries according to their levels of ethnic polarization. It makes three main arguments. First, types of diversity, not the existence of diversity per se, explain potentials for conflict or cohesion in multiethnic societies. Ethnic cleavages are configured differently in different social structures and are less conflictual in some countries than in others. Second, relative balance has been achieved in the public sectors of countries that are highly fragmented or those with ethnicity‐sensitive policies, but not in those with ethnicity‐blind policies. Third, the article is critical of institutional approaches to conflict management that underplay background conditions in shaping choices. Consociational arrangements may not be relevant in unipolar ethnic settings or fragmented multiethnic societies, where governments may be ethnically inclusive under democratic conditions. They seem unavoidable in ethnic settings with two or three main groups or in settings with strong ethnic/regional clusters.     

The Difference Context Makes: Planning and Ethnic Minorities in Northern Ireland

The ways the British planning system fosters racial disadvantage and the initiatives taken by local authorities to address such bias have been subject to a number of studies over the last 17 years. This body of research has revealed isolated examples of progressive professional practice within a general pattern of inaction and ignorance. This paper looks at how the needs of ethnic minorities have been accommodated by the planning system in Northern Ireland that has a very different institutional and political context than other parts of the UK. The nature of 'race' relations in Northern Ireland is examined and the concept of 'policy processes' is used to explain why ethnic minorities in the region face similar difficulties to those in Britain. The influence of the political and cultural context is shown to play a key role in framing the policy processes that shape patterns of discrimination. The paper suggests that a full understanding of this context is required if multiculturalism is to be fully accommodated by planning in Europe.     

从引文分析看大陆华侨华人研究——基于CSSCI（1998-2005）的研究

以中国社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)为操作平台,以核心作者群的被引论著为样本,对样本篇数、篇次、作者、机构、地域分布、主题分布、年代分布等因素进行了引文分析和量化的描述,并从文献的角度对大陆华侨华人研究现状进行评估。结果表明:大陆华侨华人研究1993—2002年是高峰期,形成了以福建、北京、广东为主的核心作者群,高等院校仍是华侨华人研究的主要机构,研究主题以经济、社会、历史为主,学术论文的利用率不高,高水平的研究成果不多。华侨华人研究在学术界的整体影响力不大,某些不够科学和规范的引证态度和方法亟需改进。     

我国旅游网站的网络结构研究——基于社会网络分析法

本文选择Google为检索工具确定154个旅游网站为研究对象,使用SocSciBot3收集上述154个网站的链接数据,采用PAJEK绘制我国旅游网站的网络结构图,并用UCINET社会网络分析软件,从网络密度、中心度、凝聚子群以及核心-边缘结构等角度对我国旅游网站的网络结构进行研究。通过研究发现我国旅游网站网络密度较低且平均距离较小、部分旅游网站的中心度较低、凝聚子群的规模不大且密度偏低、处于核心位置的网站较少等,为此建议在加强旅游网站自身建设的同时,多与其他旅游网站进行合作,加强链接,特别是友情链接的建立。     

华人网络与韩人网络的比较研究

通过当前韩国对于海外华人四个方面的"似是而非"认识的分析,对华商网络的倾向与特征、建设韩民族网络等问题的探讨,得出结论:韩国华侨与韩国所理解的海外华人之间存在很大的差异;当代韩国政府希望能像中国充分发挥海外华人的优势那样,使海外韩人发展成为韩国在21世纪的新的成长动力并加以利用的认识是一种错误的"乐观判断";海外华人对祖国的向心力,不只是来自爱国情,更重要的是其生存保障与利益的实现;中韩两国的侨务政策存在区别,中国致力于"护侨",而韩国的目光集中于"用侨"。     

Reconceptualizing the Policy Subsystem: Integration with Complexity Theory and Social Network Analysis

The concept of the policy subsystem is an essential building block for several of the basic frameworks of policy process studies. Over time issues have become more complex, crossing subsystem boundaries, and so subsystems have escalated in their complexity as well. It is increasingly insufficient to study just one policy subsystem and so scholars have turned to studying boundary‐spanning regimes or policy networks. In this essay, we review the major contributions to developing the concept of a policy subsystem and trace its evolution into broader conceptualizations like issue and policy networks. We argue that the future for theories of the policy process is in more explicit integration of complexity theory and more effective modeling of subsystems with the utilization of social network analysis. In closing, we discuss the enduring nature of the concept of policy subsystems and highlight studies that continue using it in innovative ways.     

Tending and drive hunting: A density-mediated attrition model can explain age profiles of white-tailed deer at Iroquoian village sites

In a 1993 paper, Noble and Crerar suggested, based on the age and sex distribution of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) longbones from four Attawandaron Iroquoian sites around the western end of Lake Ontario, that the contact-period Attawandaron were managing local deer populations, in response to the aboriginal trade in hides. Having observed similar patterns of differential preservation of elements and epiphyseal fusion at nearby Iroquoian sites that are not ascribed to the Attawandaron, and which pre-date the hypothesised trading period, we argue that these patterns may instead relate to bone density and/or vulnerability to taphonomic effects of late-fusing epiphyses. We further support our argument through age profiles based on dental eruption and wear.     

润物细无声——读姚大力《北方民族史十论》

姚大力先生著《北方民族史十论》（以下简称《十论》）已由广西师范大学出版社于2007年9月出版。该论集所收文章此前多已在各种不同学术刊物上发表。论题涉及内容十分广泛,诸如拓跋鲜卑的先世史、回族认同的历史变迁、早期蒙古部族的构成、中国历史上的民族关系与国家认同等问题尽在讨论之列。就书中收录文章发表的时间来看,或早自1981年,如《曲出律败亡地点考》;或晚至2006年,如《“成吉思汗”,还是“成吉思合罕”？——兼论（元朝秘史）的成书年代问题》。由此不难看出,这些文章先后在25年间写就,延续时间不可谓不长。再就题材而言,《十论》分别由7篇专题论文、2篇书评、1篇讲演稿构成。这些论文具有什么样的影响力？其学术价值如何？笔者拟从以下几个方面谈点认识。     

少数民族华侨华人：迁移特点、辨识标准及人数统计

学术界对少数民族华侨华人的研究很少。究其原因有四 :历史原因、民族意识、政治原因和学科因素。本文拟就少数民族华侨华人问题作一初步探讨。全文分为四个部分。第一部分是关于少数民族华侨华人的称谓和概念 ;第二部分分析少数民族华侨华人的迁移与定居特点 ;第三部分提出少数民族华侨华人的辨识标准 ,即记录、祖籍地、客观认同、迁移时间和主观认同 ;第四部分是关于分布世界各地的少数民族华侨华人的初步计量统计。作者提出 ,“华侨华人”的身份应以其定居或入籍他国来确定 ,而不应受其移民方式的影响。     

魏晋南北朝隋唐时期新疆佛教文化与民族演变关系研究

受民族大迁徙运动的影响,魏晋南北朝隋唐时期是新疆历史上众多民族角逐争衡、多种宗教文化争奇斗艳的时期。这个时期的宗教文化以佛教文化为主。本文在分析当时新疆佛教文化特征和民族演变特征的基础上,着重就佛教文化对民族演变的影响以及民族演变对佛教文化的影响作了探讨。