墨西哥,仙人掌的王国

<正>仙人掌原产于美洲,从美国的北部到南美洲的南部,分布很广,种类也很多。墨西哥位于北美洲南部,绝大部分属热带高原、海洋水汽难以到达闭塞的内部,北部又在副热带高气压带控制范围,年降水量少,荒漠分布很广。严峻的环境似乎给人和植物的生存都带来巨大的挑战,干旱缺水永远都是不毛之地的代名词,可是恣意生长的仙人掌却装点了这片土地。     

墨西哥,仙人掌的王国

<正>仙人掌原产于美洲,从美国的北部到南美洲的南部,分布很广,种类也很多。墨西哥位于北美洲南部,绝大部分属热带高原、海洋水汽难以到达闭塞的内部,北部又在副热带高气压带控制范围,年降水量少,荒漠分布很广。严峻的环境似乎给人和植物的生存都带来巨大的挑战,干旱缺水永远都是不毛之地的代名词,可是恣意生长的仙人掌却装点了这片土地。     

Reshaping possible futures: Deportation,home and the United Kingdom

In this article I examine how foreign nationals in the United Kingdom (UK) envisage the possibility of a forced return to their countries of origin. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in London among foreign national offenders appealing their deportation at the Immigration Tribunal, I show how preparations for an eventual return were seldom made by those appealing deportation, even if the prospect of their forced removal and its implications for the family left behind was constantly on their minds. Appealing deportation can be a long process; living with the risk of being deported strongly impacts on the plans the migrants had devised and hoped for before deportation intruded into their lives. In this sense, and in the course of the deportation process, migrants have to reshape their sense of possible futures to include family separation and possible departures – deportation being only one of these. Generational differences and sustained transnational connections were influential in the reshaping of these possible futures. The data presented shows how for most research participants deportation means ‘leaving the UK’ and not ‘returning home’.     

'Christ's Kingdom in Scotland': Scottish Presbyterianism, Social Reform, and the Edwardian Crisis

This article examines the response of Scottish Presbyterianreformers to the socioeconomic and political dimensions of the‘Edwardian Crisis’. For such individuals the circumstancesof the early twentieth century, despite the undoubted difficultiesthey posed, offered the opportunity to bring about a modernversion of the ‘godly commonwealth’, with the principalmeans of realizing this being Christianized social reform. Thearticle focuses on how the ‘social problem’ wasanalysed; the challenge of socialism; the solutions offered;and the ultimate fate of the ‘social gospel’ ¹I am grateful to the British Academy for a Research and TravelExpenses Grant which enabled me to visit Scottish archives andlibraries; and to my colleagues David Nash and Paul O'Flinnand this journal's editors and anonymous referees for theirconstructive comments on earlier drafts. The quote is from JohnW. Gulland MP, Christ's Kingdom in Scotland or the Social Missionof the United Free Church (Edinburgh, 1906).     

Negotiating English identity: Englishness,Britishness and the future of the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT. The current interest in Englishness and English national identity, spurred partly by parliamentary devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, has been accompanied by calls for an English parliament and even the promotion of a robust English nationalism. This article argues that this is a mistaken direction for the English. English traditions have been non‐national and even supra‐national. English identities have been especially bound up with Britain and Britishness. An England without Britain is hard to conceive, and would be impolitic to pursue. Survey evidence shows continuing Britishness among the English, with scant support for an English parliament or English independence. The expressions of English nationalism remain relatively muted. ‘England for the English’ is neither a realistic nor a sensible strategy.     

Some theses completed in the United Kingdom, 1974

The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century by K. G. Davies. Empire to Nations: Expansion in America 1713–1824 by Max Savelle. (Volumes IV and V of Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion, edited by Boyd C. Shafer) Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press and Oxford University Press, 1974. Pp. xiv+366, xxi+335. £5.75 each.

The Royal Navy and North America: The Warren Papers, 1736–1752 edited by Julian Gwyn. London: Navy Records Society, 1975. Pp. 463; £6.00

Empire or Independence by I. R. Christie and B. W. Labaree. Phaidon Press, 1976. Pp. ix + 322; £5.95.

The Spirit of ‘76: The Growth of American Patriotism Before Independence by Carl Bridenbaugh. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. Pp. xiv+ 162; £5.25.

Kingston, Jamaica: Urban Development and Social Change, 1692–1962 by Colin G. Clarke. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1975. Pp. xi+270; £15.00.

Convicts and Colonial Society 1788–1853 edited by Lloyd Evans and Paul Nicholls. Stanmore, N.S.W.: Cassell Australia, 1976. Pp. viii+250; $5.95.

Religion in Early Australia edited by Jean Woolmington. Stanmore, N.S.W.: Cassell Australia, 1976. Pp. xiii + 174; $5.95.

The North‐West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement 1873–1905 by R. C. Macleod. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976. Pp. xi+218; £10.50.

The Round Table and Imperial Union by John Kendle. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1975. Pp. xvi + 306; £8.75.

The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–1970 by Bernard Porter. London: Longman, 1975. Pp. xiii+408. £6.95 hard cover; £3.75 paper back.     

A Kingdom of this world: Religion,politics, power,and the Church in Spanish America

Church and State in Bourbon Mexico: The Diocese of Michoacán, 1749–1810. By D. A. BRADING. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. 300.

Ideología y sociedad en Guadalajara (1788–1853). By BRIAN CONNAUGHTON. Mexico: UNAM‐CONACU, 1992.

La venida del reino. Religión, evangelización y cultura en América. Siglos XVI‐XX. Compiled by GABRIELA RAMOS. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas”, 1994.

Autobiografía de una monja venerable. By JERONIMA NAVA Y SAAVEDRA (1669–1727). Study and introduction by ANGELA INES ROBLEDO. Bogotá: Centro Editorial Universidad del Valle, 1994. Pp. 187.

El crédito eclesiástico en la Nueva España: Siglo XVIII. By GISELA VON WOBESER. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1994. Pp. 275.     

Charles Bonnet: The Black Kingdom of the Nile

African Archaeological Review -     

The Newport Medieval Ship,Wales, United Kingdom

The Newport Ship is the most substantial late medieval vessel excavated and recovered in Britain in recent years. It was abandoned after extensive salvage, possibly following attempts at repairs to the hull. More than 23 m of the clinker‐built ship were recovered, along with significant artefact and environmental assemblages. Finds point to strong Iberian connections during the active life of the ship, which arrived in Newport in the Severn Estuary, after the spring of AD 1468. The dismantling and recovery of the ship has enabled detailed recording using innovative 3D digital techniques and approaches to hypothetical reconstruction. Publication includes a digital archive hosted by the Archaeological Data Service, a substantial report and this article.     

Islamic glass in the Christian Kingdom of Alwa: Chemistry of shards from Soba,Nubia, Sudan

Excavations at Soba, the capital of Alwa, between 2019 and 2022 yielded more than 30 glass fragments in addition to a glass cosmetic bottle. An analysis of 30 glass samples has identified glass belonging to a number of compositional groups. The majority of fragments were made of plant ash-soda glass produced in the Middle East (Iran, Iraq) between the 9th and 10th centuries, and in the Eastern Mediterranean (Levant and Egypt) between the mid-10th and mid-12th centuries. Seven fragments were made of mineral–soda-lime glass produced in 9th-century Egypt and three high-lead glasses find analogies in the 9th- to 11th-century glass. Archeological evidence, as well as textual sources, leave no doubt about Alwa’s intense transcultural connections. This article provides the first insight into the chemistry of glass shards from medieval Nubia, and the results of analysis contribute to evidence for long-distance contacts of Soba, the capital of one of the medieval kingdoms of Sahelian Africa.     

Engineering the Kingdom of God: Irrigation,Science and the Social Christian Millennium, 1880–1914

Irrigation was a hot issue in turn‐of‐the‐twentieth century Australia. Most often, it was embraced by booster‐visionaries who wanted it to provide Australia with a place at the table of nations. Not all irrigation enthusiasts placed the same emphasis on wealth and national power, however — indeed, there were some who believed it would help achieve a just distribution of social opportunity. In this article, I look at two Australian “social Christians”, the Melbourne minister, Charles Strong, and the South Australian journalist, Harry Taylor, who saw irrigation as an agent of God's Kingdom on Earth. This belief was part of a more general conviction, shared both by these men and other social Christians, that it was possible to merge millennial religiosity with evolution, progressive politics and rational principles.