20世纪发展中国家城市化历史反思——以拉丁美洲和印度为主要对象的分析

本文考察了发展中国家在20世纪的城市化历史,指出了城市化的特点和问题,并分析了它们的原因。20世纪发展中国家的城市化历史为我国今后的城市化提供了三个方面的重要启示：一、把握城市化的速度与城市生活质量的关系。城市化水平虽然体现一个国家或地区社会经济发展水平,但不是衡量社会经济发展水平的唯一指标。推进城市化要以城市能够为它的居民提供更为优良的工作和生活环境为主要目标。二、在很大程度上,健康的城市化需要与乡村共同发展。农村和农业的不发展是发展中国家过度城市化的根源。三、要处理好工业化与城市化的关系。追求新型的工业化具有战略意义,但现实的社会状况仍需要发展劳动密集型工业以缓解就业压力。     

中国当代人口城市化、空间城市化与社会风险

趋势和比较分析我国人口城市化和空间城市化,表明我国人口城市化的速度和规模远滞后于空间城市化。其实质为社会、文化、制度的构建与经济增长的不同步,究其缘由,除了政策制度的因素外,资本和权力的勾连以及"经济达尔文主义"是其"质料因"和"动力因"。这种对城市化经济性的过度追求必将带来土地金融危机、社会极化、空间区隔和"原子化社会",使生活在城市中的人缺乏尊严感和安全感,集聚社会风险。因此,城市化发展应从规模的追求转向到对质的追求,构筑一种"城市如家"和"充满选择机会"的城市化。     

英国殖民城市探析

殖民城市是指欧洲宗主国在其殖民地建立的城市,是西方殖民化及其殖民主义政策的产物,具有明显的现代城市特征：在经济方面,宗主国将工业化移入殖民城市,使之具有较高的经济起点;在政治方面,宗主国的外来政治势力控制殖民城市的政治权力,具有行政统治中心的功能;在社会方面,殖民城市的社会构成呈现多元化的特点。此外,在种族方面,殖民城市中的宗主国白人及其文化居于优越的统治地位;在客观状况方面,殖民城市以外源型和外向型为主。殖民城市的发展经历了3个主要时期：即近代时期、现代早期和二战之后。殖民城市对世界城市化产生了重要的影响：首先,殖民城市具有较高的起点和发展水平,凸显现代城市的属性。其次,殖民城市确立了现代城市的新模式,体现现代城市的精神。再次,殖民城市起到了扩展和传播城市化的作用,展示现代城市的风范。第四,殖民城市构成了世界城市化的重要组成部分,推动现代城市的发展。最后,殖民城市创造了一种新文化。     

中东铁路与区域城镇化问题再探

1898年,中东铁路的修筑催生并带动了近代东北区域城镇的发展,而以中东铁路附属地建设为发端,在铁路经济和国内外移民等多重因素的综合作用下,中东铁路沿线先后速度崛起了一批以哈尔滨、大连为典型代表的近代化新兴城镇,其城市化、城市近代化水平跃居全国前列,而东北地区的城市化进程也由此开启。     

中东铁路与区域城镇化问题再探

1898年,中东铁路的修筑催生并带动了近代东北区域城镇的发展,而以中东铁路附属地建设为发端,在铁路经济和国内外移民等多重因素的综合作用下,中东铁路沿线先后速度崛起了一批以哈尔滨、大连为典型代表的近代化新兴城镇,其城市化、城市近代化水平跃居全国前列,而东北地区的城市化进程也由此开启。     

上海、东京城市化进程及动力因子比较研究

本文以中国上海和日本东京为案例地,从人口、经济、土地、社会,城市化内涵的四个方面入手,运用熵值法对上海1985-2012 年和东京1954-2009 年的城市化水平进行综合测度,对比分析二者城市化进程,其次利用主成分回归法对二者城市化进程的驱动因子进行对比分析。结果表明：①上海目前处于城市化继续发展阶段,以城市经济的增长和土地面积的扩张为主要特征;东京目前处于城市化稳定发展阶段,经济的迅速发展和社会服务体系的完善是其城市化的主要体现;②城市化进程动力因子对比显示,上海主要依靠投资、内需及城市土地扩张推动,经济外向力作用相对较弱,而东京城市化动力中经济外向力作用明显。     

新型城市化的主要特征

新型城市化是以新型工业化为基础,以城市发展为中心环节,以农村人口城市化来推动社会经济发展发展的战略;也是适应小康后人民生活要求提高,实现生态环境友好和城市功能增强的生活家园建设模式。参考国外有关城市化和城市发展的科学理论,国内多年来有关城市化和城市发展的研究成果,结合各地推进新型城市化的现实方式,归纳了新型城市化的特征。     

城市化与城市环境

随着城市化的发展,出现了一些城市环境问题,引起了人们的极大关注。本文通过对城市化与城市环城关系的探讨,试寻求一条城市化与城市环境相协调发展的道路,以保持社会的可持续发展。     

城市化对区域发展的经济绩效研究

在对全国和陕西省城市化基本情况分析的基础上,以全国31个城市和陕西省10个城市为研究对象,通过多元回归模型分析了城市化对不同区域经济发展以及对不同类型城市经济发展的影响。认为只有合理的城市化才能促进区域经济的发展,并试图提出适应不同经济发展水平的城市化道路及其发展对策。文章的主要结论包括:不同城市化因子对区域经济的贡献存在较大的区域差异,全国难以选择统一的城市化模式;不同城市化因子对不同等级规模城市的经济绩效存在明显的差异,反映了大中小城市在发展过程中应各有侧重。     

近代东北区域城市发展述论

近代以来,东北地区的城市化起步晚,但发展快。东北各省从中国城市发展最藩后的地区发展成为近代中国城市化水平最高的地区,只用了半个多世纪。这种现象的产生是外力和内力双重力量推动的结果。从19世纪末到20世纪中。东北地区的城市化经历了三个发展阶段：19世纪末——1931年,是东北地区城市化的起步阶段．城市体系租具雏形;1931年——1945年,东北地区的城市化出现畸形的快速发展．城市体系初步形成;i945年——1949年。东北地区的城市化发展处于相对停滞状态。     

Urban geography and protest mobilization in Africa

Urbanization has long been seen by scholars and policymakers as a disruptive process that can contribute to social and political unrest, yet there is little cross-national quantitative empirical research on the topic. In this paper we provide a comprehensive analysis of the links between urban geography and the incidence of protests (i.e. demonstrations, riots and strikes) in African countries since 1990. In contrast to previous studies, we are careful to distinguish between urban population scale effects, urban population ratio effects, population rate-of-change effects and urban population distribution effects. We also provide an explicit test of the long-standing hypothesis that ‘over-urbanization’ increases the risk of civil unrest. Employing multilevel negative binomial models that control for key political and economic variables we find that urban population size and the number of large cities in a country are both positively and significantly associated protest incidence. By contrast, we find that a country's level of urbanization is negatively associated with protest incidence and reject the over-urbanization hypothesis: higher levels of urbanization are associated with less frequent protests at all income levels. We find no evidence that the pace of urban population growth or urban primacy significantly influence protest mobilization. In sum, our results provide a nuanced picture of the relationship between urban geography and protest incidence that challenges conventional wisdom and contemporary hyperbole about the dangers of ‘rapid urbanization’ in Africa in particular, and developing countries more generally.     

工业化带动城市化的对策研究——以陕西关中地区为例

工业化和城市化是任何一个国家在经济发展中都必须经历的空间结构变动与产业结构变动的过程。二者密不可分,工业化必然带来城市化的发展,城市化反过来又会促进工业化的进步。陕西关中地区工业化与城市化之间并不协调,城市化落后于工业化,主要表现为单一的嵌入式开发模式与城市化的偏差和区域经济联系与城市化的偏差。应立足现实,积极促进工业化与城市化的互动发展,这既是短时期发展的考虑,也是长时期战略的需求。本文采用文献分析和数据资料分析等方法,在剖析陕西关中地区工业化与城市化的现状基础上,提出关中地区通过工业化带动城市化的基本思路和具体对策。     

中俄战略协作伙伴关系中的经济因素

建立在平等互信基础上的中俄战略协作伙伴关系有两个突出特点:它既允许实现各自国家的利益,同时也不限制伙伴的自由;它不是单一的关系,而是可在多个国家之间建立的一种关系。中俄战略协作伙伴关系的建立反映出中俄在政治关系中处于较高的发展水平,而两国的经济合作发展水平则远远落后于政治关系的发展。目前两国还存在着一些因素阻碍着经济合作的发展,但两国的友好关系将有利于问题的解决。     

An empirical analysis of the effects of consanguineous marriages on economic development

In this study, development experiences toward economic development are investigated to provide an alternative analysis of economic development, human capital, and genetic inheritance in the light of consanguineous marriages. The countries analyzed in the study are discussed in accordance with consanguineous marriage practices and classified by their per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth. A broad range of countries are analyzed in the study. Arab countries that experienced high rates of growth in their gross national income during the twentieth century but failed to fulfill adequate development measures as reflected in the growth in national income, countries undergoing transition from tight government regulation to free market democracy, and African nations that have experienced complications in the process of development show important differences in the process of economic development. It is shown that the countries that have reached high average development within the context of per capita GDP have overcome problems integral to consanguineous marriage.     

Teaching Economic Geography in Two Contrasting Asian Contexts: Decentering Anglo-American Economic Geography in China and Singapore

Teaching economic geography outside Anglo-American countries presents a particular pedagogical challenge, as theories and concepts developed in these countries might not be directly applicable outside their intellectual and national contexts. In this paper, the authors show how the peculiar institutional and development environments in China and Singapore have shaped the ways in which the economic geography curriculum is developed and taught in institutions of higher education. They also examine how students respond to the intellectual challenges presented to them. In their view, successful pedagogy in teaching economic geography requires a significant degree of localization of the curriculum.     

Global crisis and the systems of spatial governance and planning: a European comparison

Inadequate regulation of spatial development is at the origin of the current global crisis and increases, in years of crisis, the unequal distribution of wealth. The importance of the related risks for democracy draw attention to the systems of spatial governance and planning, through which States regulate spatial development. In Europe, the countries most affected by the unequal effects of the crisis have spatial planning systems that are traditionally based on the preventive assignation of rights for land use and development through a plan. The systems of other countries had established beforehand that new rights for land use and for spatial development are rather assigned only after the public control of development projects and their distributional effects. Despite the evidence that some models can operate better than others in ensuring public government of spatial development, the improvement of spatial planning systems is, however, limited by their complex nature of ‘institutional technologies’. Especially in a context of crisis, planners are responsible for the increase in public awareness concerning the role of spatial governance in economic and social life.     

Australia's foreign policy links with Latin America: distant relations

In more recent years, Australia's relations with the countries of Latin America have taken on more importance as the trade and investment links between the two regions have grown. Besides this recent activity, Australia has a long history of diplomatic relations with the countries of Latin America, even though the links between the two regions have at times been fairly superficial. This relationship, like many others, has tended to concentrate on mainly trade relations and, despite Latin America's often turbulent political history, has not been affected much at all by political issues. The purpose of this article is to analyse the development of foreign policy links between Australia and the countries of Latin America in their formulative stage between 1901 and 1973.     

Brownfield Development: Are We Using the Right Targets? Evidence from England and Germany

Urban brownfield sites are a major planning concern across Europe, and most European countries have strategies to reuse them. In England and Germany, quantified targets for brownfield development have been set at the national level, with the twin objectives of furthering urban regeneration and reducing greenfield development. This paper explores the implications of these quantified targets, particularly with respect to their ability to contribute to meeting these twin objectives. It explores their shortcomings and highlights implementation problems.     

从国际侨汇新动向看我国侨汇政策

近 3 0多年来 ,国际侨汇的数量急剧增长 ,侨汇的作用也发生了重大变化。据国际基金组织 2 0 0 0年度国际收支报告 ,目前全球侨汇总额已超过 1 0 0 0亿美元 ,约为 3 0年前的 5 0倍 ,其中60 %流向发展中国家。印度侨汇每年多达 1 0 0亿美元 ,高居榜首 ,紧跟其后的是墨西哥和菲律宾等发展中国家。值得注意的是 ,在许多发展中国家利用侨汇发展经济的时候 ,中国对侨汇工作却由于外资输入的不断增加而有所忽视。中国 1 982 1 999年 1 8年的侨汇收入总额只有 1 1 0亿美元 ,仅相当于印度1 999年一年的侨汇收入。笔者认为 ,我国有关部门应当关注侨汇工作 ,充分认识侨汇资源的重要意义 ,采取有效措施 ,更好地为经济建设服务。