日本农业现代化进程中的政策分析

人多地少,耕地面积少、土壤贫瘠,是二战前日本推进农业现代化的现实障碍。通过二战后的起步探索、发展实现、不断完善三个阶段,日本迅速实现农业现代化,成为世界农业高度现代化的国家之一。文章分析日本农业现代化过程中的政策,得出对我国农业现代化具有积极意义的政策启示。     

由课征到补贴——英国惠农政策的由来与现状

英国是最早实现工业化并步入现代化的国家。今天的英国,虽早已实现了现代化,进入了以服务业为主要产业的现代社会,但和其他发达国家一样,农业在国民经济中仍居重要地位并发挥重要作用。今天的英国,农业繁荣、农民生活富足闲适,皆源于政府惠农政策的实施。英国政府的经济政策经历了从轻视到重视进而珍视农业并对农业实行巨额补贴的过程。而赋税制度也相应经历了以农业税为主到以工商税、所得税等为主的过程。本文试图从中古后期、近代早期、近代晚期、第二次世界大战之后以及欧盟时代五个时段阐述英国政府的农业政策及农业税制演变。通过对英国政府农业经济政策的认识,了解现代发达资本主义国家农业发展的趋向和问题,从中吸取可供借鉴的经验和教训。     

探析中国传统农业思想及其对现代农业发展的启示

受地理位置、经济和社会结构的影响,中国传统农业思想直接来源于中国传统文化思想,形成了博大精深又具有生命力的思想文化.我国的传统农学思维分为农业哲学思想与农业思想两个层面,两者之间存在着难分难辨的血肉联系.将中国传统农业思想以合理的科学技术手段应用于现代化的农业生产中,重视环境、生态、伦理和粮食安全问题,最终实现天、地、...     

浅论一战期间的赴法华工及其婚姻

一战期间,法国女多男少的现实、华工对配偶的需求促使不少华工与法国妇女结为夫妻,而法国政府错误的婚姻政策及急功近利的遣返华工政策又在客观上起到了推波助澜的作用。北洋政府为了维护国内的伦理秩序及与法国的外交关系,采取了一些限制华工婚姻的措施,但受制于其法律制度的自相矛盾而不能很好地解决问题。     

抗战初期杨杰赴法寻求军援活动述评

抗战初期,中国政府寻求法国军事援助的内容主要有以下三项：一是假道越南运输中国急需的欧洲军火物资;二是争取法国派出军事顾问团;三是争取向法国借款,购买法国军火来华。1938年11月初杨杰到法国后,根据蒋介石指示。就军事合作与军事援助问题同法国政府及军界人士进行了商谈。法国政府由于顾及其本身利益,在假道越南运输问题上时进时退,杨杰与之商谈并未取得进展。在争取法国军事顾问团方面。经过多次商谈,双方终于达成一致协议。在争取法国政府军火援助和借款过程中．杨杰做出了很大努力,取得了一些进展,但没有取得最后的成功。尽管如此,杨杰在赴法寻求军援活动中表现出来的积极性和负责态度,还是值得肯定的。     

1936年法国防范德国重占莱茵非军事区的决策

1936年初,大量有关德国即将重占莱茵非军事区的情报促使法国政府着手研究防范对策,其结果是法国内阁在2月27日做出了“不单独行动”的决定。该决定是日后法国政府应对危机的基本出发点,也是其最终妥协退让的前兆。法国政府的这一决策源于英国的不合作、法国军方的消极畏战以及萨罗政府自身的软弱等因素,是20世纪30年代法国日趋没落的现实在政府决策层面的集中反映。     

“文明冲突”，还是种族主义？——试析法国政府的穆斯林移民政策

自20世纪60年代北非穆斯林大规模移民到法国以来,法国政府坚持以“共和模式”为标志的移民政策,促使穆斯林移民完全融入法国社会。然而,由于经常与穆斯林移民的宗教活动和宗教习俗“纠缠不休”,“共和模式”成为穆斯林移民融入法国社会的“瓶颈”;与此同时,法国社会对穆斯林移民及其后代的歧视与偏见,使得“共和模式”面临破产的境地。在新的形势下,法国的“共和模式”和穆斯林移民政策应该与时俱进。     

近代法国政府职能转变与谷物自由市场的建构

从复辟王朝到法兰西第二帝国,法国政府逐渐放弃了对谷物流通的监护体制,使得谷物自由市场在19世纪60年代形成。这并不是单纯废除管制,而是政府职能的根本转变:一方面,政府放弃对谷物市场的粗暴干预,把供给权下放给地方政府和面包师,通过关税政策和钱柜等中间体组织调控谷价;另一方面,政府退居幕后,通过宏观调控、法律保护、财政支持的手段刺激农业生产,推动铁路建设,为全国统一谷物市场的形成创造条件。这是法国历史上政府与市场关系的一个转折点,为第二次世界大战后稳定的谷物生产与流通监控网络的形成奠定了基础,是当代法国政府与市场关系的法兰西模式的萌芽。     

日本农业现代化过程中的环境问题及其对策

本文从日本农业现代化过程中出现的环境问题及其解决对策入手,对日本早期农业现代化过程中由于高投入、大量使用化肥、农药、以破坏资源提高产量为代价而产生的环境问题进行了系统的考察,在此基础上,具体分析了日本在农业现代化过程中解决生态环境问题的对策,并总结了日本实现农业可持续发展的经验,可以为我国提供有益的借鉴。     

1933年希特勒在德国上台与法国的反应

1933年1月30日,希特勒就任魏玛共和国总理,标志着德国纳粹化的开始。德国国内形势的恶化引起了法国的严重不安。但是．由于法国当时正面临严重的财政危机,因此,在希特勒上台次日组阁的达拉第政府不得不将如何恢复财政平衡视为第一要务;同时法国国内相当一部分人对与希特勒新政权达成和解还抱有幻想,这最终促使法国政府在对德政策方面采取了“理智而冷静”的政策,没有作出过激的反应。     

WTO框架下的青海农业国内支持

中国加入WTO后,农业的发展同样需要政府的大力支持。青海省作为西部欠发达地区,农业的国内支持水平如何,对“绿箱”政策、“黄箱”政策的利用程度如何,是否符合WTO的农业规则,直接影响整个青海农业经济的发展。本通过对青海农业国内支持水平的实证研究表明：青海省对“绿箱政策利用不尽合理,对黄箱政策远远没有用足”,据此提出了促进青海省农业国内支持的几点政策性建议。     

China's Quiet Agricultural Revolution: Policy and Programs of the New Millennium

Two specialists on China's agricultural sector review the recent course of agrarian reform in the country since the year 2000. More specifically, they summarize the more significant policy changes occurring during the period 2000-2009 (including the rollout of major new programs and agricultural tax relief) while simultaneously tracking impressive improvements in a variety of standard indicators of agricultural performance and rural per capita incomes across China's province-level units. Among other things, the authors draw contrasts between the current (post-WTO accession) and earlier reform period (1980-1985) in agriculture in terms of level of government direction and commitment to develop the sector for its own sake, outline measures undertaken to address problems with the production of tainted and/or adulterated food products, trace significant spatial "reshufflings" of rice and corn production at the provincial level, and offer possible explanations for the outwardly confounding lack of positive relationships between aggregate value of field crops/total value of all agricultural activities and rural incomes at the provincial level. They argue that renewed (yet underpublicized) government attention to the farm sector since 2000 has helped promote social stability in China by increasing food supplies (thus reducing food price effects on inflation), encouraging more sustainable farming practices, and improving rural environmental quality in many areas.     

山西初级农业合作化的实践与经验

本文通过对山西试办农业生产合作社和农业合作社的稳步发展两个阶段的分析 ,总结回顾了山西初级农业合作化的发展历程 ,论述了各个阶段群众组织起来的状况、生产力发展的特点、生产关系变革的过程、省委和省政府制定政策的起因以及农业合作化运动对整个农业的社会主义改造和经济发展的重大影响 ,既充分肯定了初级农业合作化运动所取得的成就 ,又客观地指出了工作中存在的缺点和错误 ,既分析了产生这些错误的原因 ,又在此基础上 ,进一步分析和论证了其主要的经验和教训。     

From the Panama Canal to Post‐Fordism: Producing Temporary Labor Migrants Within and Beyond Agriculture in the United States (1904–2013)

In the historical study of modern American capitalism, labor unfreedom in agriculture has been conceptualized as an exception to liberal labor relations in the post‐slavery polity, from debt peonage to the threat of deportation from workplaces populated by non‐citizen migrants. At the same time, state‐enforced labor compulsions and restrictions are increasingly part and parcel of what scholars call neoliberal exceptionalism. This article argues that agricultural and neoliberal exceptionalisms are related, by tracing the historical genealogy and juridical production of a restrictive work status, the deportable temporary labor migrant, across political economies in the modern United States, from imperial construction in the Panama Canal Zone, to agriculture, to the knowledge economy. Contrary to existing notions of temporary work visas as a new form of unfreedom in neoliberalized advanced capitalist states, I show how the threat of deportation is older and rooted in the rise of the liberal regulatory state in a post‐slavery, yet persistently racial capitalist political economy. The import of understanding this history of government intervention increases as the liberal regulatory state's coercive logics and practices intensify and circulate in agriculture and under a post‐Fordist regime of accumulation, reproducing racial capitalism in the labor process.     

马歇尔计划与战后法国政治中右化

战后,处于“冷战”前沿的法国成了美国重点争取的对象,而法国的共产党势力始终又是美国的心腹大患,美国必欲除之而后快。通过积极插手战后法国内部事务,美国如愿以偿地坐视法国共产党被赶出联合政府。在马歇尔计划的鼓舞下,法国建立了亲美的中右翼政权,法国政治由此开始向右转。美国成功地实现了从政治上对法国的控制。     

Rural France in Europe: new challenges

This article examines the specificity of rural France in Europe and assesses the nature of the new challenges confronting it. Discussing the changes affecting the peasant world and French rural society, it aims to provide a balanced picture of the agricultural question by linking it to the issue of ruralité. Rural France has now become an object of debate not only for French society, but also for the future of European agriculture. The article also analyses to what extent France remains original in its position as the most ‘rural’ of the western European states by examining its relationship to its territoire and its integration into a global economy.     

From ignorance to commitment: how periurban municipalities deal with agriculture?

Urban growth leads to decreases in area of farmland. In France, considerable attention is paid to this problem, including in frequent public policy debates. In this article, we explore issues associated with agriculture in 24 French periurban municipalities. We compare the treatment of agriculture in municipal policies by analysing urban planning documents and conducting in‐depth interviews with elected representatives. Our study reveals a high level of congruence between these two sources of information, confirming that planning documents are a sound proxy to identify municipalities' agricultural strategies. The study also shows both diverse degrees of municipal commitment to agriculture, which range from ignoring it to strongly supporting it, and diverse issues about agriculture that depend on local context and concerns.     

晚清政府与罗马教廷的外交历程

1881-1892年,以李鸿章为主的清政府官员,一致主张联络罗马教廷,废除法国保教权,稳定中国基督教局势。总理衙门采纳这种主张,并努力将其付诸实践,却由于法国政府的干扰而未能成功。1892年后,清政府官员对联络罗马教廷的主张发生分化。陈其璋等人建议继续实践,而薛福成等人则认为不能将解决中国教案问题的希望寄托于罗马教廷,主张另辟蹊径。总理衙门的意见与薛福成等人相似,自1896年后放弃与罗马教廷建交通使的计划。19021906年,吕海寰等官员发起建议联络罗马教廷的新高潮,但清政府未予采纳。     

中国都市现代农业产业化发展模式研究——以西安市为例

农业产业化是现代农业的重要内涵与农业经济发展的新形式。改革开发以来,我国社会经济尤其是城市化快速发展,都市现代农业产业化发展的条件已经具备。文章在对国内外农业产业化发展模式阐述评析的基础上。结合实地调研资料,分析了西安市农业产业化发展的现状特点,进而遵循劳动地域分工理论与产业经济理论,从发挥资源、区位、交通、市场、科技、组织方式等优势因素出发,构建出符合该市现代农业发展的"龙头企业(公司)＋农户"、"农户＋主导产业"、"农户＋合作经济组织(农业协会)＋超市"三种类型的农业产业化发展模式,并探讨了其实施机制。     

Transnational political participation of Algerians in France. Extra-territorial civil society versus transnational governmentality

Since independence, the Algerian state has had mechanisms in place to control its emigrant population but the recent conflict resulted in, and was in part caused by, the crumbling of many of these institutions of control. Throughout the conflict, migrants based in France have been able to exert considerable influence on the Algerian government, while the Algerian government has sought to discredit or control their activities. This article examines an episode of political protest against the Algerian regime by Algerian migrants in France that resulted in a series of high profile court cases in France between 2001 and 2004. The protests originated in allegations of human rights abuses by the Algerian army that were detailed in a series of books, principally Qui a tué a Bentalha? [Yous, N. with the collaboration of Mellah, S. (2000). Qui a tué à Bentalha? Algérie: chronique d'un massacre annoncé. Paris: La Découverte.] and La sale guerre [Souaïdia, H. (2001). La sale guerre. Paris: La Découverte.]. The article draws on a series of interviews with politically active and non-politically active migrants in France and the UK, including the authors of both books and leading figures on both sides of the debate, in order to establish the nature of the relationship between political activism by migrants in France and civil society in Algeria. The literature on civil society is used to highlight the relationship between French-based associations and the Algerian government. The article concludes that French-based activists must be judged on the extent to which they engage with the Algerian government and contribute to the growth of developing civil society within Algeria.