战乱的遗产

关于阿富汗的鸦片产业,最真实的声音来自于罂粟种植区的农民,最睿智的声音,当然也来自于他们。他们不仅明白种罂粟是面对所谓塔利班和国际社会的对峙的“有风险的、无奈的”选择．更看到了更长期更基础性的影响：父亲用罂粟赚来的钱供养孩子．孩子也只会种罂粟,别无其他技能．阿富汗没有木匠、技师、工程师．什么都没有。     

缅甸烟毒种植史话

一、殖民恶魔疯狂撒毒种播仇恨掸邦山民泣血栽罂粟种悲伤毒品 ,是当今世界的一大恶性肿瘤。制毒贩毒吸毒 ,是人类社会的一大公害。毒品问题 ,成了各国政府面临的最具破坏性威胁性的一大棘手难题。瘾君子们吸食的毒品 ,形形色色 ,品类纷繁 ,不下千种。归纳起来 ,可分为三大系列 :即以鸦片及其制品吗啡、海洛因为代表的镇静剂系列 ,以安非他明、可卡因为代表的兴奋剂系列和以大麻制品、菇毒碱为代表的迷幻剂系列。其中 ,鸦片及其制品危害最烈。鸦片的主要产地 ,是泰国、缅甸、老挝边境的“金三角” ,阿富汗、巴基斯坦、伊朗接壤处的“金新月”…     

清代福建鸦片的泛滥及禁烟斗争

真正意义上的鸦片走私始于1796年(嘉庆元年),因为这一年嘉庆皇帝颁旨,查禁鸦片从外洋输入,禁止国内种植罂粟,并决定从关税表中剔除鸦片一项。中国早期的鸦片走私主要集中在广州附近,特别是在零丁洋面上。但自19世纪20年代以后,鸦片走私开始向福建沿海发展,其中规模比较大的有两次,即1823年和1832年。鸦片走私会从广州附近转向福建沿海,主要是英国在印度实行的鸦片政策导致鸦片滞销需拓展新的销售市场引起的。     

二、三十年代国内鸦片问题

鸦片泛滥给中国社会造成了不可估量的危害。本世纪初年的禁烟运动曾一度在全国范围内展开,使种植罂粟和英印鸦片输入的规模、势头有所减弱。但是,随着军阀割据局面的出现,刚刚有所缓解的鸦片问题又日趋严重。二、三十年代鸦片重新泛滥。对这一时期鸦片泛滥的有关问题加以探讨,对我们今天的革除积弊仍有着重要的启迪作用。     

毒品何以泛滥——以哥伦比亚毒品工业兴盛的原因为例

毒品问题是国际社会高度关注的全球性问题。作为当今世界最大的毒品产销国之一的哥伦比亚,其毒品问题极为典型。该国经历了20世纪70年代大麻贸易的繁荣,80年代可卡因贸易的兴盛,以及90年代海洛因贸易的兴起。近30年的毒品贸易发展,使得毒品工业渗透诸多部门和行业,给这个国家带来了较为严重的社会问题。哥伦比亚毒品工业的兴盛,源于其得天独厚的地理环境、国家长期的贫困和经济制度的不完善,国内复杂动荡的政治局势以及深厚的社会文化传统,也是重要的原因。此外,作为非传统型安全的全球性问题,国际环境的变化也直接影响着该国毒品经济的发展。尤其是美国市场和政策的压力,成为其毒品贸易兴衰的最主要国际因素。     

除之不尽的罂粟

阿富汗经济在饱受战火摧残之后，依然沉溺于罂粟生意，令该国成为世界上第一大鸦片生产国。鸦片是从黑罂粟的果实（下）中提取的膏状物质，是生产海洛因的主要原料。     

从文献资料看近代云南的毒品与反毒品斗争

近代以来,云南一直是鸦片泛滥的重灾区。据史料记载,清季道光年间,云南“广种罂粟,熬烟者日多,贩烟者日繁,吸烟者遂日众,是此等浇风,惟该省为甚”。①人民国后,由于政府在鸦片问题上时禁时弛,导致鸦片始终未能根绝。二十世纪八十年代以来,云南已成为毒品与反毒品斗争的前沿阵地。     

日伪的毒品政策与蒙疆烟毒

1931年九一八事变后,日本由向中国输入鸦片逐步发展到在中国占领区大量种植鸦片,1936年前后蒙疆地区被强迫大面积种植罂粟。1939年到1945年,日军和伪政权通过调整鸦片政策,实行清查制、“大鸦片政策”,致使蒙疆地区鸦片烟毒极度泛滥。日本侵略者利用毒品这把双刃剑,在把中国人变成“东亚病夫”、“大烟鬼”、亡国奴的过程中,不断膨胀着长期占领中国、奴役中华民族的狂妄野心。一方面制造着荼毒生灵的罪恶渊薮,一方面满足着侵略者掠夺占领的强盗欲望。日伪在蒙疆推行的毒品政策,是蒙疆烟毒的祸根,是日军在精神上侵华、彻底灭亡中华民族“国策”的一个重要组成部分。     

略谈贵州的烟祸

在贵州近代史上,烟祸为害至深。它直接摧残了生产力,阻碍了社会经济的正常发展,给贵州人民带来了深重的灾难。造成这种状况的主要原因是历届反动政权特别是地方军阀为榨取大量税收鼓励甚至迫使农民广种鸦片的结果。本文试就这个问题谈一点自己的看法,以就教于读者。一十九世纪初,随着西方殖民强盗的东来,大量鸦片涌入中国沿海一带。在鸦片利厚的刺激下,罂粟种植象瘟疫一样从英国殖民地、世界鸦片主要产地的印度蔓延到中国。云南先受     

开辟空中“丝路”的尝试——20世纪50年代中阿关于通航问题的交涉

20世纪50年代,阿富汗在诸多主观与客观、历史与现实等因素的共同作用下向中国提出了通航问题。面对阿富汗积极主动的态度,中方一度也赞成中阿通航。中国外交部不仅要求中国驻阿大使馆收集、调研阿富汗民航的相关资料,与阿富汗有关部门沟通,而且与中国交通部多次共同商讨这一问题。但中方经过再三考量,出于中国民航客观条件的限制,也受制于国际冷战局势,最终婉拒了阿富汗直航的要求。此次交涉的搁浅,说明了20世纪50年代阿富汗在中国周边外交中只处于边缘地带,也揭示了这一时期中阿关系虽一直平稳发展,但未根本改善。     

Assessment of the Lines of Torres Vedras defensive system with visibility analysis

A method to assess the coherence of defensive systems based on the individual and combined visual coverage of fortifications is presented. The case study is the complex fortification system of Lines of Torres Vedras, around Lisbon, Portugal, activated in the first decade of the 19th century to halt the French armies of Napoleon in the Peninsular War. As messages between fortifications are known to have been exchanged visually by semaphore, GIS-based viewshed calculations enabled the assessment of the system's coherence and the exploration of how the undocumented communication with the defensive forces' headquarters in Lisbon might have been achieved. Results show that the defensive system with its two lines was highly effective per se with respect to the visual coverage of the terrain and the exchange of messages between fortifications, but it could have been improved with minor changes to the location of communication devices. It is also found that communication with the headquarters in Lisbon was not adequate, suggesting that additional devices were needed.     

Documentation as part of the research process. Some considerations actualized by the application of photogrammetric measuring techniques in history of culture

Within the fields of the history of culture increased applications of advanced measuring techniques, e.g. photogrammetry, have clearly demonstrated the difficulties of communication between various scientific branches. The demands of measuring technicians for precise instructions have been very difficult to satisfy. We have partly landed up in a new situation of scientific work where the lack of adequate education and experience prohibits proper utilization of existing technical innovations.

Presentation of applications and problems regarding instruments, treatment of mechanical equipment and so on, are not ‐ in our opinion — meaningful to a wider public until the general background of the documentation has been accounted for in greater detail ‐ practically as well as theoretically.

These circumstances have called for a serious examination of the very base of dataproduction regarding the relevance of data as well as the problem of education in order to make it easier for the two blocs ‐measuring techniques and history of culture ‐ to understand each other.     

Location of Memory versus Space of Communication: Presses,Languages, and Education among Czernovitz Jews, 1918-1941

Abstract

The history of Czernovitz, chief city and former capital of Bukovina, has long been veiled in a mythology based largely on romanticized accounts. In order to understand the background to this city’s rich literary production better, we have evaluated the German-language press which flourished in Czernovitz during the interwar period, when the city remained an enclave of German-language culture, highly intellectual, and predominantly Jewish, long after Bukovina itself came under Romanian rule in 1918. In this article, we challenge the romantic mythology of Czernovitz, stressing the city’s function as a modern space of communication rather than a location of memory. Our research is based on press articles, contextualizing archival material and testimonies of contemporaries born between 1908 and 1936. Its underlying conceptual framework is Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the field of cultural production.     

A history of conservation of built heritage sites of the Swahili Coast in Tanzania

The interaction between the Swahili Coast of the present-day Tanzanian coast and other parts of the Indian Ocean world dates back to the first millennium AD. This commercial communication resulted in the rise of several coastal city-states (stonebuilt towns), some of which date back to the tenth century. Unfortunately, some of these states started to collapse during the second half of the second millennium and the majority of them is in a ruinous state. These material remains, which according to the Tanzania’s Antiquities Act of 1964 deserve legal protection, have not been studied comprehensively mainly to establish their conservation history. The current article addresses this problem, and by analysing documents, it establishes the conservation history of monuments and historic buildings of the Swahili Coast in Tanzania. Research results indicate that some built heritage sites started decaying during the fourteenth century AD. Because of recognising the importance of these built heritage sites, communities of the region embarked on strategies to care these built heritage sites. This observation contradicts the European conventional wisdom maintaining that, in Africa, conservation of built heritage sites such as monuments and historic buildings began in the nineteenth century and was propagated by European colonialists.     

Public School Search Policies and the "Politics of Sin"

In recent years, high school students have been subjected to greater levels of drug searching and surveillance on school grounds. The effect of such searching is potentially wide-ranging, because public schools "play an important role in socializing students according to the norms and mores of society" ( Vergari, 2000 ). Using the "morality politics" framework, this study reports and analyzes the presence of random, suspicionless drug searches in the Nebraska public schools. Whereas most studies of morality policy have focused on the state as the unit of analysis, we consider the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of principals in regards to drug policies in schools. Our findings, based on a survey of 181 high school principals, reflect several features of morality policy. There has been a significant rise in the number of random drug searches, despite the principals' observation that these measures neither lessen drug use nor catch perpetrators. The most important predictors of drug policy are pressure from local sources, perception of the problem within the community (but not the schools), and the racial composition of schools. Principals articulate limited concern for student rights, and students largely accept searches without resistance. In the discussion, we consider these findings in light of recent court rulings and introduce the potential ramifications of waging the drug war in our nation's classrooms and hallways.     

By the People,for the People. The Case of a Community Museum of Traumatic Greek Heritage

Abstract

This article will delineate the history and activities of the Museum of Political Exiles of Ai Stratis in Greece. The museum was founded in the 1980s by a group of former inmates who were banished in the North Aegean island of Ai Stratis, a site of political confinement between 1920s and 1960s. Since its inception, the museum has aspired to be a platform of communication, a place of healing that is by the people for the people. The aim here is to examine how this was achieved and what lessons have been learned from the endeavours of an organization that deals with a rather traumatic chapter of modern Greek history. Emphasis will be placed especially on what role the subjects of history have assumed in the design of the permanent exhibition and the educational and cultural activities.     

Campaigning and governing: an analysis of berlusconi's rhetorical leadership

This article explores the communication strategy of Silvio Berlusconi through the analytical framework of the ‘permanent campaign’ model. Beginning with the distinction between ‘personal popularity’ and ‘political consensus’, the article looks at the different aspects of Berlusconi's political communication strategy since his election victory in May 2001 and assesses the rationale and effectiveness of his permanent campaign. The author concludes that, despite Berlusconi's strong commitment to the communication process, his leadership appears more similar to the rhetorical Presidency model than to the experiences of leaders who have shown that campaigning can also be used to govern. The article identifies two key limits: (1) the link between the drive for personal popularity and the building of support for the government's main policies appears weak; (2) all communication strategies are undermined by deep divisions within the ruling coalition.     

Streams as Entanglement of Nature and Culture: European Upper Paleolithic River Systems and Their Role as Features of Spatial Organization

Large river valleys have long been seen as important factors to shape the mobility, communication, and exchange of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. However, rivers have been debated as either natural entities people adapt and react to or as cultural and meaningful entities people experience and interpret in different ways. Here, we attempt to integrate both perspectives. Building on theoretical work from various disciplines, we discuss the relationship between biophysical river properties and sociocultural river semantics and suggest that understanding a river’s persona is central to evaluating its role in spatial organization. By reviewing the literature and analyzing European Upper Paleolithic site distribution and raw material transfer patterns in relation to river catchments, we show that the role of prominent rivers varies considerably over time. Both ecological and cultural factors are crucial to explaining these patterns. Whereas the Earlier Upper Paleolithic record displays a general tendency toward conceiving rivers as mobility guidelines, the spatial consolidation process after the colonization of the European mainland is paralleled by a trend of conceptualizing river regimes as frontiers, separating archaeological entities, regional groups, or local networks. The Late Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian, however, is characterized again by a role of rivers as mobility and communication vectors. Tracing changing patterns in the role of certain river regimes through time thus contributes to our growing knowledge of human spatial behavior and helps to improve our understanding of dynamic and mutually informed human-environment interactions in the Paleolithic.     

The Interregional Location of Foreign Investors in Turkey

There are several dynamic factors that contribute to the reinforcement of the commercial relationships of Turkey. That is to say not only the strategic regional importance of Turkey, placed on the axis extending from the Far East to the Mediterranean side, Middle East and Europe, but also the new opportunities arising from the continuously developing relationships with the Balkan countries and the newly-established Turkish Republics, since the beginning of the 1990s, have been strengthening Turkey's commercial contacts. Istanbul has the communication networks and infrastructure required to develop into a regional centre. The major investments made in the communication sector during the 1980s have acted to develop the telecommunications infrastructure, thus supporting Istanbul's development into a regional communications centre. Today Istanbul has one of the world's most developed telecommunications infrastructures and this has given the city advantages in terms of expanding into international markets.     

Modern China's cultural transformation – problems and prospects

Modern China's cultural transformation has been a long, torturous, and complex process that even now has yet to come to a conclusion. Previous publications on China's intellectual and cultural history have touched on this issue to some extent, but there have been few wide‐ranging, focused, and systematic studies. This article is based on the author's systematic research into this question and argues that the Chinese people, burdened with the weight of a long history and with deeply ingrained cultural traditions, must negotiate the complexities and uncertainties of the present as they adapt to a new era and build a new culture. Questions of culture manifest themselves in many different ways: in distinctions between Eastern and Western culture and between “Chinese” and “barbarian”, in the different resources and possibilities inherent in ancient and modern culture, in the fate of China's ethnic minorities, and in the relationship between material and spiritual “civilization”. In addition, social conditions can pose almost insurmountable problems in the process of cultural transformation. These problems can only be solved when the whole nation is engaged in the practice of study and struggle, and the cultures of the world become more intimately linked through communication and the flow of ideas. Even then, solutions will not be quick in coming and the process of cultural change is necessarily gradual in nature. The transformation of China's culture in recent times and the modernization of the country as a whole are fundamentally concurrent processes that show a marked tendency towards globalization and individualism. Thus, externally, China must adhere to the idea of greater cultural openness while, internally, we must support the liberation of the people, and foster a positive creative spirit to the fullest potential.