李鸿章对日海军威慑战略与甲午海战

李鸿章对日海军威慑战略与甲午海战苏小东在李鸿章的海防思想中,海军威慑始终是核心内容,占有极为突出的地位。全面考察李鸿章创建和运用近代化海军的过程,就会发现,他的海军威慑思想不仅在指导海军建设中起了重要的作用,而且对海军的战略运用,尤其是在中日甲午战争...     

苏俄内战时期的“中国志愿军”

苏俄内战是指1918年到1922年在崩溃的俄罗斯帝国境内发生的一场战争,部分战事还蔓延到当时中喇外蒙古和波斯（今伊朗）。在苏联官方被称为“1917年到1922年的内战和武装干涉”。     

不可撤销的修正案：内战前夕美国国会制定的《科文宪法修正案》

<正>美国内战爆发前夕，面对下南部蓄奴州脱离联邦造成的联邦分裂危机，在妥协派国会议员的呼吁下，第36届国会第2次会议闭幕前一周，联邦国会匆忙通过了第十三条宪法修正案，承诺永久维护蓄奴州的奴隶制。该条修正案规定：禁止未来制定任何宪法修正案授权国会废除或干涉各州的内部制度，包括奴隶制度[《国会议事录，第36届国会第2次会议》（CONG.GLOBE,36TH CONG.,2D SESS），哥伦比亚特区华盛顿：国会议事录办公室1861年版，第1236页]。这种规定意味着这条修正案永远不得撤销。     

黑人普选权与美国内战宪法修正案的制定(1860—1870)

1865年5月,长达4年的美国内战以南方联邦的战败而告结束。战争粉碎了南部的奴隶制,维护了联邦的统一,但也将一个严峻的现实推到了由共和党人主持的政府与国会面前:如何确定随内战而成为自由人的400万南方黑奴在战后美国社会的法律与政治地位?黑人的解放是南北政治家在战前未意料到的结果。这个结果的出现不仅对当时带有浓厚种族歧视色彩     

论美国内战前关税诸问题

在美国近代史的研究中,关税问题是应当引起足够重视、并认真加以探讨的,诸如1828年关税之争以及杰克逊总统在这一冲突中维护联邦统一的作用、美国内战前夕的关税争执及其在南北矛盾中所占的历史地位等,本文将概略地加以考察,并得出自己的分析,顺便还将就有关学者的有关见解加以介绍、评论和商榷。     

试析1860～1861年美国南部蓄奴州脱离联邦运动的社会基础

南部蓄奴州脱离联邦运动是美国内战前夕的重要历史事件。在南部蓄奴州脱离联邦的过程中,白人奴隶主是决定性的社会力量。非奴隶主白人在脱离联邦问题上则表现出地区性差异：在奴隶制不发达地区,非奴隶主白人的多数反对脱离联邦;在奴隶制发达地区,非奴隶主白人的多数则接受了脱离联邦的选择。造成这种地区性差异的原因,在于非奴隶主白人民众并不作为一个自为的阶级而行动,因此,在奴隶制发达地区,他们在政治上只能顺从奴隶主的领导,而在奴隶制不发达地区,他们就可以完全根据自己的意愿行事。     

从郑和下西洋看当代海军的和平运用

15世纪初,中国伟大航海家郑和利用当时所处的和平环境,充分利用海军的特殊功能,率领庞大船队和2万多名海军官兵,历时28年七下西洋,不仅创造了世界航海史上的奇迹,也为中华明的发扬光大傲出了杰出贡献。郑和利用海洋的通贡性,发挥海军的特殊功能所取得的伟大成功,对今天海军发挥和平时期的战略运用,有效地维护国家的海洋利益,具有重要的历史意义和深远的现实意义。     

刘华清与我国的海军战略

正在今天,稍有军事常识的中国人都会知道一个名词——海军战略,即国家统筹海军建设和作战全局的方略。但在20世纪80年代之前,海军战略在中国的军事生活中却不失为一个生冷概念,是时任海军司令员的刘华清破天荒第一次提出中国海军战略,将海军战略理论正式写入中华     

美国史学界关于内战记忆研究述评

书写内战史有助于美国人内战记忆的形成,记忆的调整又推动着内战叙事的演变。通过南部老兵与妇女的努力,“失去的事业”从一种地方记忆上升为民族记忆。从20世纪开始,这种南部记忆主导了美国史学界对内战史的书写。直到越战后期,学界才从社会文化与政治需要的角度剖析“失去的事业”记忆的兴起及其影响,其研究对象主要为群体记忆、英雄记忆,以战场旧址、军事公墓及其纪念碑为中心的有形记忆场。因服务于国家重聚与民族和解之需,存在多种面相的“联邦事业”记忆被美国人长时期遗忘。直到20世纪80年代末,为突出黑人对美国历史的贡献,学界开始重新评析这一强调联邦统一与解放黑人的内战记忆。总之,美国学界对内战记忆的探究总体遵循“失去的事业”与“联邦事业”这两种叙事路径,但其研究并未完全摆脱意识形态的干扰。从21世纪开始,内战记忆史的研究逐步走向了多元社会化的发展方向。     

内战时期联邦政府的海上封锁政策

美国内战时期,联邦政府对南方同盟采用连续航行、监控中立港口,捕获来往被封锁港口的中立国船只和扩大禁运品清单等封锁政策,这对北方取得战争胜利起到重要作用,但联邦的海上封锁政策却违背了其传统的海洋自由主张,文章对其原因作粗浅的分析。     

Crusading in Africa: Religion,Race, and Post-9/11 Intervention in Antoine Fuqua’s Tears of the Sun (2003)

Abstract

African American director Antoine Fuqua’s Tears of the Sun, a 2003 war ?lm made with US Navy cooperation, imagines the intervention of Navy SEALs in an ethnic cleansing being conducted against Christians by Nigerian Muslims. It is at once an exercise in black diasporic consciousness and an expression of American exceptionalism. The director aimed to raise awareness of contemporary African crises, but the picture is also the closest Hollywood combat cinema came in the immediate post-9/11 years to addressing and endorsing the polarizing discourse and militarism of the Bush administration. The ?lm’s use of reductive religious imagery, its weak box of?ce return, and its generally hostile reception overseas expose its failure as a tool of diplomacy and reveal the waning ability of triumphalist Hollywood cinema to de?ne or explain the ‘War on Terror’.     

‘The warrior has always shewed himself greater than his weapons’: the Royal Navy’s interpretation of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5

During the Russo-Japanese War, British naval attachés serving with the Japanese produced a series of reports on both technical and cultural aspects of the conflict. In seeking to explain the Japanese successes, the attachés compared and contrasted their hosts with themselves, Royal Navy and Britain more generally. These reports offer a rare insight of the cultural preconceptions of Royal Navy officers prior to the First World War, presenting explicitly the norms and beliefs that served to unite the service. Recovering these collective understandings helps to illuminate the decision-making processes that took place within the Royal Navy both prior to and during the First World War.     

“Science can never demobilize”: the united states navy and petroleum geology, 1898–1924

This article traces how the US Navy crafted policy from the expert advice of American geologists. Between 1898 and 1924, the US Navy metamorphosed from a slow, coal‐burning fleet to a swift, oil‐burning one. The decision to convert naval vessels to oil consumed years of wrangling at the highest levels of the Department's bureaucracy. Central to this struggle was the guarantee of a secure petroleum supply in the face of perpetually bleak predictions by geologists suggesting that US oilfields might someday soon run dry. The Navy–geologist interaction influenced the Navy's decision to burn oil, as well as American land policy and tax law. The partnership led to increased government involvement in the oil industry and a prominent role for geologists in shaping federal oil policy.     

Making waves: The Royal Navy's management of invention and innovation in steam shipping, 1815–1832 1

Abstract

This paper explores the sources of invention and innovation in steam shipping, the distribution of funding and risk between the state and the private sector, and the Royal Navy's management of innovation, during the experimental period of steam power's adoption at sea. It identifies two intersecting channels through which steam‐related innovations reached the Royal Navy. First, “packages” of innovations were embedded in the marine engines that were commissioned by the Navy from private engine‐making firms. Secondly, the Navy was spontaneously offered a gamut of ideas and inventions, which varied enormously both in potential importance and in degree of development. Although the mechanisms for dealing with these two channels were different, the end result was much the same ‐ in minimizing both the expense and the risk borne by the public sector. It was principally the private sector that was funding scientific and technological development in this sphere. Recognizing its own lack of expertise and consequent hazard, the Navy Board was developing a systematic yet flexible method of assessing steam‐related inventions ‐ which appears to have served it well.     

Determinants of mediation success in post-conflict Bosnia: a focused comparison

The main goal of this study is to look at factors determining mediation success in post-conflict environments. More specifically, the authors focus on the level of involvement of the mediator in a post-conflict setting and argue that relational mediation strategies should fare better in such environments. A most similar systems comparison of the European Union/USA and Turkish mediation efforts in Bosnia–Herzegovina, both of which started in October 2009, renders support for the authors’ argument. Their analysis of these two cases suggests that Turkey's relational mediation strategy delivered concrete outcomes in post-Dayton Bosnia compared to the structural intervention style adopted by the European Union/USA. The authors conclude that a relational mediation strategy facilitates the achievement of constructive solutions by helping third parties to make broader assessments of the conflict situation, and by offering flexible options in issue selection and process design.     

日本批准《1930年伦敦海军条约》过程及对其政局的影响

1930年伦敦海军会议是对美、英、日、法、意五国海军辅助舰作出限制的一次会议。会上签订的《1930年伦敦海军条约》在日本国内的批准过程颇费周章,在政府做出大量让步的情形下条约才勉强获得批准。其结果对日本政局以及政治走向产生了重大影响：条约的签订非但未能有效遏制法西斯势力的崛起,延续政党政治的强势力量,反而使海军内部分裂、派系之争明显,并加速了日本对美国发动战争的进程。     

Rhetoric from Brussels and reality on the ground: the EU and security in Africa

This article overviews the development of African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) to date and examines EU involvement in this. The European Union is the major financial partner in both military and non‐military assistance to the African Union (AU). Europe has shifted from being a major UN troop contributor towards the funding of African‐led peace operations, as well as the emergence of time‐limited, high‐impact, missions. With the exception of Somalia, these ESDP operations have provided little direct security benefit to Europe and their success has been limited. They have provided experimentation opportunities of ESDP capabilities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad and Guinea Bissau. Events in the eastern Congo in late 2008 demonstrate that the EU needs to consider carefully when it intervenes militarily in Africa: non‐intervention and coordinated bilateral diplomatic efforts by EU member states can be more effective.     

A group of early 20th-century naval victualling finds from Royal Clarence Yard,Gosport, Hampshire

Abstract

Archaeological excavation in 2007 on the site of a late 18th-century brewery and associated pump-house at Royal Clarence Yard, Gosport uncovered an assemblage of pottery within the backfill of the latter structure. This was one of a small number of Admiralty victualling yards responsible for the provisioning of ships and shore establishments of the Royal Navy at home and overseas. Analysis of the pottery and other finds, supplemented by documentary research, has provided an opportunity to study items distributed by the yard to the messes of ships of the Royal Navy in the early 20th century.     

The Design of Aircraft Carriers Prior to World War II

Abstract

The design and development of the early aircraft carriers has made great demands on the interdisciplinary teams charged with these tasks. Although the same basic principles have always operated, and will continue to do so for all ships of this class, they were difficult to apply first to ships converted to carry aircraft and later to the ships specifically designed for aircraft-carrying purposes. Here these difficulties are reviewed and the compromises described as they relate to the Royal Navy and the United States Navy. Political constraints, as laid down by the Washington Treaty, played only a minor role.     

Preserving Law and Order: Britain, the United States, and the East German Uprising of 1953

Feverishly the strikers watched for signs of intervention bythe American and British occupation forces. It was beyond theircomprehension . . . that the nations of the free world withwhom they felt themselves allied, should stand idly by whilethe Soviet Union crushed the rising with its war machine. Insome places rumour had it that American tanks had crossed thezonal border, that American aircraft were to drop weapons.¹