劳动的意义:希腊神人分离神话的哲学阐释

古希腊初民对神人分离过程所进行的生动描述,内蕴着古希腊人对存在于自然、人的生存和劳动之间的密切关系的理性思考。劳动出现在神人决裂之后。劳动的意义在于,它既是神人关系重建的中介——通过将劳动所得的产品变为对神(自然)的祭品,人重新为神(自然)所眷爱;又是人类能够永续生存的基本技艺——神(自然)保证劳动之人能获得生存所必需的"牲畜和黄金"。不仅如此,劳动还是人类显示自身存在独特性的本质性规定。劳动是人在世的神圣职责,人在创造性劳动中博取声望,实现自身价值,并借助劳动将人与其他生命物种区别开来。人类是最具神性而惟一能与神分享创造乐趣的种类。以是观之,在希腊初民通过神话形式所欲表达的生活观念中,劳动是人的本质的思想已初露端倪。     

Nicotine in the hair of mummies from San Pedro de Atacama (Northern Chile)

The consumption of plant-derived hallucinogenic substances through smoking and snuffing is a long-standing tradition in the south-central Andes. Chemical and archaeobotanical evidence point to the consumption of nicotine and tryptamine alkaloids in Northwestern Argentina and of tryptamine alkaloids in San Pedro de Atacama (SPA), in prehispanic times. In this paper, results are reported of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses aimed at identifying nicotine and tryptamine alkaloids in the hair of mummies from different cultural periods of SPA. Fifty-six samples were examined. While tryptamines were not found in any of the samples, nicotine was found in 35 samples, assigned to the Late Formative (1 of 1 sample from this period), Late Formative or Middle (1 of 2 samples from either of these periods), Middle (4 of 6 samples from this period) and Late Intermediate periods (8 of 12 samples from this period), or without assignment to period due to lack of contextual information (21 of 35 samples unassigned to a period). These results show a continuous consumption of nicotine from the Late Formative to the Late Intermediate periods of SPA (ca. 100 B.C.–1450 A.D.). No associations were found between presence of nicotine in the hair of mummies and presence of snuffing trays or of other snuffing paraphernalia in the corresponding tomb; furthermore, neither the diversity of the funerary context, measured in terms of the number of types of objects, nor the presence of gemstone necklaces differed between tombs with mummies with or without nicotine in their hair. Overall, these results suggest that consumption of nicotine was performed by members of the society at large, irrespective of their social and wealth status.     

The Myth of Authority and the Authority of Myth

The view of local governors in the Russian Empire as all-powerful is overly simplistic and cannot in itself explain the Russian Revolution of 1917.     

阿尔科斯 上帝洒下的一座城

<正>安达卢西亚的很多事物都和摩洛哥十分相像,这缘于穆斯林曾经统治这一地区数个世纪,是他们开启了安达卢西亚的繁荣。直到今天,安达卢西亚的标志性景观依然带有浓烈的穆斯林风格,例如那些让人过目难忘的白色小镇。把建筑涂成白色当然也有着十分现实的作用,我想起初应该还是安达卢西亚的艳阳让人们选择了这种清凉的颜色吧。     

On the provenience of wood used in the manufacture of snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama (Northern Chile)

The consumption of hallucinogenic substances is a long-standing tradition in the Americas. San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) in Northern Chile is the archaeological zone with the highest incidence of snuffing implements in the world. Snuff trays from SPA have been studied under a variety of prisms but their provenience, in particular that of the wood used in their manufacture, has not yet been addressed. The delicate nature of trays and their excellent state of preservation call for the use of non-invasive analytical methods. Wood density was used to demarcate a possible range of species and hence as a broad provenience marker, and its value determined for 169 trays from the museum at San Pedro de Atacama. The results showed that although some of the SPA snuff trays studied may have been manufactured with local wood, most of them used exogenous wood as raw material. At this point, it is not possible to ascertain the precise origin of such wood, but Bolivia and NWA appear as likely candidates. Three distinct styles have been defined for SPA trays: Tiwanaku, San Pedro, and Circumpuneño (encompassing the area around the Puna de Atacama and including SPA). The effect of style on density points to different sources of wood in Tiwanaku style trays and trays in San Pedro and Circumpuneño styles. As expected from geographically and temporally dynamic patterns of interaction of SPA with neighboring regions, diachronic differences in wood density distributions were found. Tray manufacturing technique was not dependent on wood density, suggesting that the skill of artisans and the quality of their tools allowed them to use any type of wood for their art work, independent of its complexity.     

Computed tomography study of snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama (Northern Chile)

Wooden snuff trays from San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) in northern Chile are objects of particular museological value. Computed tomography (CT), a non-destructive analytical technique useful in the analysis of archaeological objects in which physical tampering is not desirable, was used to study provenience of wood, quality of craftmanship, taphonomic processes and nature of gemstone inlays in a group of snuff trays. While wood used in the manufacture of trays was mostly exogenous to SPA, gemstones used in inlays were likely of local origin. These findings support the active exchange of goods proposed for the south-central Andes region. Several features revealed in the trays support the view that craftsmen producing them were skillful artisans.     

启母石神话的结构分析--兼论神话分析的方法论问题

一般说来,作为人类最早意识形态形式的神话在社会生活中所具有的意义是极其丰富的。神话既有能被人们的显意识所感觉的意义,比如被马林诺夫斯基称为“原始信仰与道德智慧上实用的特许证”的那种社会功能意义;也有隐藏在人们潜意识之中的内在意义,比如被佛罗依德称为“恋母情结”的那种心理意义。至于神话在文学艺术方面的意义更是人人尽知。分析神话的方法很多,也各有千秋。本文选择有关中岳嵩山最可靠的古迹——启母石的神话作为分析对象,并借此探讨一下分析方法的适应性问题。     

古希腊神话与土地占有权

一、功能主义神话学希腊神话之魅力在于其审美价值 ,但在古希腊社会 ,神话还有不可替代的社会功能。神话是透视古希腊社会的一面镜子 ,而研究古希腊社会也有助于澄清神话之真谛 ;二者关系密不可分。探讨神话之社会功能是功能主义神话学的主要课题 ,其奠基者是英籍波兰人类学家布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基 ( 1 884— 1 94 2 )。马林诺夫斯基的理论是在研究西太平洋特罗布里安德群岛土著神话的基础上形成的。他指出 :“神话在原始文化中履行着不可或缺的功能 :它表述、加强信仰 ,并使之有条理 ;它捍卫和强化道德 ;它确保仪式之有效 ,并包含着…     

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