元代蓬莱古船加固技术

介绍了在山东省蓬莱市登州港发掘的蓬莱古船在保护过程中采取的“■料”修复技术、聚醋酸乙烯脂丙酮溶液喷涂船全加固技术以及生桐油喷涂船体保护技术。     

泰山“孔子登临处”石牌坊现状调查与保护

“孔子登临处”石牌坊,是泰山上一座重要的石牌坊。因多种原因,石牌坊存在着一系列安全隐患。为此,本文做了详细的调查与分析,提出了一套详尽的维护方案。“孔子登临处”牌坊的科学维护,也将对泰山众多石牌坊的保护起到有益的示范借鉴作用。     

露天石质文物的风化和加固保护技术探讨

中国作为有着几千年灿烂文明的古国,在历史的长河中不断创造和诞生了许多文物古迹。这些古迹与文物都是无价之宝,拥有着不可比拟的价值。但是在历史的长河中这些文物如何保存是个非常重要的问题,本文针对露天石质文物的风化和加固保护技术进行探讨。     

土遗址防风化加固材料的研制及加固性能比较研究

本文用简单易行的方法将正硅酸乙酯进行预聚合,用盐酸作催化剂,待反应完毕后,在用乙二胺将PH值调节至微碱性,得到的预聚物呈无色透明液体。用此预聚物加固室内重塑土样,通过各种测试手段,如加固前后重量变化、渗透速度、空隙率变化、颜色变化、透气性变化、PH值以及盐蚀、冻融、高温高湿试验后的抗压强度等,并与PS材料、硅丙非水分散体、正硅酸乙酯和Remmers加固的标准土样进行各项性能的比较试验,结果表明:正硅酸乙酯预聚物加固后的土样各项性能都比较理想,能满足土遗址保护的要求。     

明代石拱桥永昌桥的加固修缮技术研究

为明晰明代石拱桥的结构性能,并提出适宜的加固修缮方法,以典型的明代石拱桥永昌桥为例进行研究。首先对其进行精确测绘,获得其准确可靠的几何信息;然后对其建筑形制、构造工艺及残损状况进行研究,为结构性能分析提供依据;接着利用ANSYS软件建立永昌桥主体结构的有限元模型,进行包括荷载影响分析、重要度分析和裂缝分析的结构性能研究;最后基于现状分析和结构性能研究,通过对比拱背套钢筋混凝土拱加固法和拱背粘贴碳纤维布加固法对石拱桥的结构性能的影响,提出了明代石拱桥永昌桥的加固修缮方法。研究成果可为同类型石拱桥的加固修缮提供参考。     

露天石质文物的风化和加固保护探讨

探讨了石质物风化的诸因素,认为主要来源于石材原料、物理因素、化学因素、生物因素和人为破坏等儿个方面,阐述了目前用于石质物加固保护的无机加固剂、有机加固剂的特点、应用及其加固技术,该工作对石质物加固保护具有指导意义。     

基于凝胶法的古代壁画表面加固材料的去除技术模拟研究

为了延长古代壁画的寿命,保护工作者通常将一些现代高分子材料渗透到壁画颜料层,用以黏结加固濒危的壁画。这些材料对壁画的保护发挥了积极作用。但是随着时间的推移,有些材料已经开始劣化,逐渐丧失作用,有的甚至会加速壁画的破坏。因此,古代壁画表面失效加固材料的清除技术已经成为文物保护需要解决的重要科学技术问题。本项研究针对中国古代壁画4种常用黏结加固高分子材料,聚醋酸乙烯乳液、纯丙烯酸乳液、有机硅改性丙烯酸乳液和Paraloid B72树脂,开展了清除技术的实验室模拟研究。本工作使用目前最环保和高效的水凝胶清洗技术,设计制备了4种凝胶材料,制成16个凝胶配方,结合乙酸乙酯、对二甲苯、正戊醇、碳酸丙烯酯等清洗剂,从凝胶的工作性能、凝胶与清洗剂的相容性、清洗剂对壁画表面层的破坏性、对4种粘结加固材料的清除能力,以及粘结加固材料老化对去除率的影响等方面,在瓷板、玻片和模拟壁画上开展了系列实验研究,从中筛选出分别适合于清除这4种常用高分子材料的凝胶清洗方法,计算了去除率,初步摸清了相关技术数据。     

土遗址保护中的加固过程研究

在使用化学材料对土遗址进行渗透加固保护的过程中,有很多因素影响着最终的加固效果。本文从最基础的加固过程着手,在综合借鉴现有研究成果的基础上,从土样规格、加固方法、固化环境、加固深度和加固效率等方面阐述了加固过程中应规范的问题。     

古塔建筑隔震加固保护技术的研究

地震是古塔建筑破坏主要的自然灾害之一,现有的古塔建筑加固方法主要目的是提高古塔建筑抗震能力,从而避免地震带来的破坏,随着隔震技术的日趋完善与成熟,如何将隔震技术应用到古塔建筑抗震保护是我们文物保护工作者主要研究方向之一。本文在介绍了隔震原理与隔震技术的前提下,通过有限元软件模拟采用橡胶隔震支座的方法进行隔震加固,并对比了原结构与隔震结构的抗震性能,结果表明,隔震技术能够大大的提高古塔建筑的抗震性能。本文的研究成果对隔震技术在古塔建筑抗震加固中的应用起到一定的参考作用。     

化学加固材料在石质文物保护中的应用

介绍了石质文物的加固原则和化学加固材料的种类、特点及应用情况,并对研究前景进行了展望     

一类潜在的石质文物表面防护材料:仿生无机材料

仿生技术已经越来越广泛地应用于各个领域 ,包括生物医学材料、纳米材料、薄膜材料和多孔材料等等。在一些石质文物表面发现了一种以草酸钙为主要成分的致密的生物矿化膜 ,以及一种磷酸钙类薄膜 ,使人们看到了仿生技术在文物保护领域的应用前景。本文指出了目前石质文物保护材料的不足之处 ,介绍了一些仿生无机材料的优点和合成方法 ,探讨了这些新材料在文物保护方面应用的可能性。     

牌坊文化探略

牌坊作为中国特有的建筑形式,在中国传统文化中具有独特的地位。本文就牌坊的起源、功能及文化内涵等问题加以探讨,并指出牌坊文化是一种值得深入研究的中国的特殊文化现象。     

Late Pleistocene Technology at Rose Cottage Cave: A Search for Modern Behavior in an MSA Context

Recent excavations at Rose Cottage Cave, located in the Free State, South Africa, have revealed both a transitional assemblage, dated to ca. 20,000 bp, and a final Middle Stone Age (MSA) assemblage, dated to ca. 28,000 bp. Preliminary analysis of these assemblages was undertaken to determine if the current European model of a cultural revolution for the emergence of the Upper Palaeolithic can be applied to the southern African evidence. Examination of these assemblages revealed that differences occurred between the transition in Europe and that in southern Africa in both the chronology of the transition and the degree to which this complete cultural package is linked to the emergence of Late Stone Age (LSA) technology. The methods of lithic production, the chronology of the MSA/LSA transition, and the associated behavioral characteristics were examined and results indicated that the technological change which occurred during the MSA/LSA transition was not a dramatic innovation in technology but, rather, a shift in the emphasis of production from a level of technology already in place and demonstrate a level of continuity between the MSA and the LSA. As a gradual occurrence, the MSA/LSA transition does not seem to fit the time frame for the European Upper Palaeolithic; it both occurs at a later period and takes longer to transpire. In addition, the origins of symbolic use of lithics appear to lie within the MSA, indicating that a more complex set of behavioral adaptation was occurring in the late Pleistocene in southern Africa, and that the MSA/LSA transition in this region does not adequately conform to the model of a revolutionary shift in behavior and technology that is proposed for the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe     

New radiometric ages for the Fauresmith industry from Kathu Pan,southern Africa: Implications for the Earlier to Middle Stone Age transition

The Fauresmith lithic industry of South Africa has been described as transitional between the Earlier and Middle Stone Age. However, radiometric ages for this industry are inadequate. Here we present a minimum OSL age of 464 ± 47 kyr and a combined U-series–ESR age of 542₋₁₀₇⁺¹⁴⁰ kyr for an in situ Fauresmith assemblage, and three OSL ages for overlying Middle and Later Stone Age strata, from the site of Kathu Pan 1 (Northern Cape Province, South Africa). These ages are discussed in relation to the available lithostratigraphy, faunal and lithic assemblages from this site. The results indicate that the Kathu Pan 1 Fauresmith assemblage predates transitional industries from other parts of Africa e.g. Sangoan, as well as the end of the Acheulean in southern Africa. The presence of blades, in the dated Fauresmith assemblages from Kathu Pan 1 generally considered a feature of modern human behaviour ( McBrearty and Brooks, 2000, The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior, J. Human Evolution 39, 453–563),-provides evidence supporting the position that blade production in southern Africa predated the Middle Stone Age and the advent of modern Homo sapiens.     

The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River

The earliest Later Stone Age (LSA) industries from southern Africa are microlithic and unstandardized and include the bipolar technique. The dating of these industries is controversial and the earliest microlithic industry is said to occur at Border Cave at about 39,000 B.P. By 18,000 B.P. a bladelet tradition was established and this was replaced in many parts of southern Africa, at about 12,000 B.P., by a widespread and prolific nonmicrolithic industry, characterized by side-struck flakes. The late Pleistocene environment was colder than present, with particularly harsh conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), between about 20,000 and 18,000 B.P. Populations may have been isolated because archaeological visibility is low during the LGM and decreases further after the LGM. After 13,000 B.P. there is a dramatic increase in sites and this implies that there may have been widespread colonization of territory previously unoccupied for tens of thousands of years. By the end of the late Pleistocene there was a change in hunting patterns, in parts of southern Africa, from an emphasis on the capture of large, gregarious grazers to an emphasis on small, solitary browsers. Social complexity increased during the late Pleistocene, and by 12,000 B.P. it seems possible that Stone Age people were observing some social practices recorded historically among Bushmen (San).     

Sustainable architectural conservation according to traditions of Islamic waqf: the World Heritage–listed Stone Town of Zanzibar

Sustainability in the conservation of architectural heritage is now more extensively considered than it was decades ago. The introduction of the concept of sustainability to the field marked hopes to overcome problems threatening heritage sites. There are general concepts guiding sustainable conservation. However, heritage specifics play important roles in achieving sustainability, and may direct the formulation of sustainable concepts to be applied. This paper is an attempt to add to the discourse of heritage sustainability by discussing buildings managed through a tradition of Islamic waqf in the World Heritage Stone Town of Zanzibar. It examines sustainability in terms of its financial, social, managerial, and environmental aspects. The relatively good survival rate of waqf buildings in the old town over several centuries suggests sustainable and transmissible ‘genes’ within the tradition. Waqf was found to elaborate ways to strike a balance between heritage consumption and use, avoiding gentrification, and enabling collective urban conservation. It further suggests that sustainable conservation cannot avoid monetary sacrifices, and if it is to be sustainable in the long term it should be inherent in the heritage itself.     

有机-无机复合疏水型二氧化硅涂层制备及性能

为研究制作保护石质文物的加固材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,以两种有机硅材料(正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES))为共同前驱体,少量正辛胺为催化剂,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)(方法 1)或硅烷偶联剂KH-570(方法 2)为有机改性剂,制备了有机-无机复合疏水型Si O2涂层。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和水接触角(WCA)来表征在砖块表面形成的SiO_2膜层化学组成、表面形貌以及疏水性能,然后再通过测试砖块加固前后外观、吸水性能和孔隙率的变化来验证实际加固效果。结果表明,两种方法均可以制备骨架带-CH3基团的SiO_2溶胶。采用方法 1(添加前驱体质量10%的PDMS)或者方法 2(MTES/TEOS质量比为2),加固后的砖块对水接触角均超过140°,毛细吸水率降低到未处理时的1%~2%,并且砖块的色差和光泽度改变较小。通过耐候性能测试表明,方法 2的保护效果相对较好,说明用此种方法合成的疏水性二氧化硅涂层可以作为砖块加固材料。     

Advanced design of Chinese traditional materials for the conservation of historic stone buildings

The conservation of historic stone buildings and sculptures is recently receiving growing attention and becoming a focus of research because of rapid changes in weather conditions (pollution, acid rain, etc.). Presently, techniques for stone conservation primarily involve the use of organic coating treatments, but their side effects have been recognized. In contrast, some traditional materials used in historic stone buildings function well for thousands of years. In this paper, we report our research on the reasons why traditional protective materials can provide an unexpected long-term protection. First, calcium carbonate was prepared according to a formula for making Chinese traditional consolidating materials, and its structure and morphology were examined by different instruments. Second, the reinforcing effectiveness of the prepared CaCO₃ powders was tested and analyzed by investigating its surface characteristics. The experimental results reveal that a biocontrolled process occurs, in which an organic template can induce the precipitation of a mineral structure, which in turn results in a great improvement in the conservation of the historic stone buildings protected by these traditional protective materials. This provides a contribution toward the development of new researches on biocontrolled processes and on some protective materials with excellent performance through biocontrolled synthesis.     

“Don’t call me a Cajun!”: race and representation in Louisiana’s Acadiana region

In southwestern Louisiana, the public sphere is dominated by the image of the Cajuns, presented as a hardy, likable people who have overcome significant obstacles since their arrival as Acadians in the late eighteenth century. Across the cultural region designated “Acadiana,” which comprises 22 counties, nearly 30% of the population is black (or Creole, mixed-race peoples generally identifying as black). Contributions of non-whites to the region’s history are usually not incorporated into the public historical narrative, and the erasure of these groups’ influences on the state’s cultural “gumbo” has profound symbolic and material consequences. Black/Creole residents note that much of their culture – primarily music and foodways – has been repackaged as Cajun or subsumed under the Cajun label and that they are unable to take advantage of the benefits that Creole-oriented tourism could bring to a region in which half of the counties are designated “black high poverty parishes.” Using mixed methods, including interviews, archival analysis, and census data, this paper explores the social, political, and economic consequences of the domination of Cajuns in the south Louisiana memorial and representational landscape and argues that commemorative silences in what Alderman et al. have called the “memorial arena” perpetuate a hegemonic social order.