河南郾城皇寓遗址二里头文化陶器工艺及特征分析

本文以河南郾城皇寓遗址出土的二里头文化陶器遗存为主要对象,包括观察陶器的制作痕迹,分析其制作过程、成分结构等,并在此基础上总结出皇寓遗址二里头文化陶器制作工艺特征。同时,将其与二里头遗址陶器的质地、成分、纹饰以及器物类型等多方面进行对比,并对杨庄类型进行讨论,认为漯河—驻马店地区陶器特征与二里头遗址的相似性远大于差异性,应归入二里头类型比较合理,而不能单独划分为杨庄类型。     

陶寺遗址出土泥质陶器的中子活化分析与研究

本文采用中子活化分析技术对陶寺遗址出土的74件泥质陶器样品进行了分析研究,结果显示出土于遗址不同功能区的泥质陶器在原材料的使用或制作工艺上存在差异性,这或许表明了不同阶层的人所使用的泥质陶器也是有差别的,已经有了贫富贵贱之分。     

深圳咸头岭遗址新石器时代戳印纹制作方法的模拟实验

咸头岭遗址的发掘和研究者的创新没有止于田野发掘技术和方法,在对遗物的研究中还开展了实验考古学的研究,对于遗址出土的颇具特色的印纹陶纹饰进行了模拟实验。该实验从模拟制作初级工具——石器开始,到制作竹质的施纹工具——戳子,再到寻找泥料并依照出土陶器的纹样完成模拟的戳印纹,实验目的明确,设计思路清晰,实验资料的记录准确而完整。实验还考虑了复制工具和器物的原料在遗址周围的方便获得性以及与遗址出土遗存的相关性,这也是一项严密的实验考古所必须注意的事项。不足之处就是实验中还使用了遗址出土的石器(锛、砺石、砧等),这是实验考古的规则一般不允许的,一来是会损坏出土的遗物,二来也失去了使用复制品进行实验后,进一步对复制石器刃口进行显微观察以获得其他信息的机会。咸头岭遗址的发掘和研究者站在学科前沿,对一个遗址的发掘方法有所创新,对出土遗物进行深入研究,正是今后中国考古发展的方向,相信他们今后还会有新的创获。     

四川汉源麦坪遗址出土陶器成分分析与研究

通过X射线荧光(XRF)法对麦坪遗址出土新石器时代和商周时期的62件陶器进行成分检测分析,发现新石器时代陶器中的P2O5成分含量远高于商周时期陶器,其平均值从3.58%下降到1.28%,表明该区域陶器采用了高磷含量的原材料。这一规律与狮子山、龙王庙新石器时代遗址类似,证明它们在制陶工艺上采用了类似原料配方。类似的陶器制作工艺、相似的陶器风格,充分说明汉源谷地新石器时代遗址群为同一文化面貌。采用高磷含量原材料这一技术手段,明显有别于汉源谷地周边同时期遗址,也为汉源谷地新石器时代遗址群为一新的文化类型提供了有力佐证。     

山东青州香山汉墓出土西汉彩绘陶器腐蚀病害及其机理分析

为保护山东青州香山汉墓出土大量精美的西汉彩绘陶器,针对出土器物的腐蚀病害现状,运用X-射线衍射分析和偏光显微分析等技术手段,对出土彩绘陶器表面的白色盐分产物和陶片本体进行了检测。检测结果表明,表面盐分产物成分为碳酸钙和硫酸钙;该批陶器烧制材料主要由砂屑及粘土构成,所用粘土为岩土矿长期风化的积聚产物;制作工艺以模为主,模、塑结合;并结合以上的几种分析结果对其腐蚀病害及产生机理进行了论述,发现陶器表面风化是云母类矿物内部化学键断裂以及保存环境中的可溶盐的破坏应力所致。本研究结果为彩绘陶器保护修复提供了科学依据。     

奉节宝塔坪遗址2003年发掘简报

2003年在奉节县宝塔坪遗址发掘一批墓葬.IM1028是土坑墓,出土陶器和铜铃,年代在战国晚期到秦代.IM9001是石室墓,出土陶器皿和陶俑,年代在东汉.     

宁夏隆德周家嘴头遗址制陶模拟实验

宁夏隆德周家嘴头遗址是一处仰韶时期制陶业特征显著的聚落,经过连续的发掘共清理陶窑42座,其中仰韶晚期陶窑33座,陶窑的数量之多和分布密度之大在其他同时期遗址中较为少见。周家嘴头遗址仰韶晚期遗存最为丰富,出土了大量的陶器标本,这为我们研究当时陶器制作与生产提供了实物证据。我们基于周家嘴头遗址发现的陶窑和出土陶器开展了多次的陶器制作及烧制实验,从而对周家嘴头遗址仰韶晚期整个制陶业的操作链技术及生产方式等进行研究。     

南方地区若干典型遗址出土早期陶器工艺比较分析

古代保留下来的遗存中陶器最为丰富,承载着我国先民们生产、生活的各类丰富信息本工作是在以往中科院上海硅酸盐研究所和景德镇陶瓷学院等单位对我国早期陶器相关科技研究的基础上,在国家自然科学基金的支持下,结合近年来相关考古机构对我国南方广西桂林甑皮岩、江西万年仙人洞、浙江浦江上山等若干典型遗址出土早期陶器的科技研究积累,对各遗址制陶原料的选取和加工、陶器成型及烧成方法等一系列我国早期陶器制作的工艺特,点、技术内涵等进行了比较分析,以期对我国南方不同文化区系早期陶器的演变和发展有更加深入、全面和客观的认识。     

石峁遗址皇城台东护墙北段出土陶器的成分与岩相分析

本文对石峁遗址皇城台东护墙北段出土陶器进行了成分和岩相分析。结果显示,陶器原料主要为低铝易熔黏土,钙含量较低者可能使用古土壤制成;少量钙含量较高者则使用第三纪红黏土。个别样品黏土中粉砂含量很低,可能与河流冲积土或原料反复淘洗有关。罐和豆多为泥质陶,鬲和盆则多夹砂,羼合料类型包括砂质、沉积岩、铁镁质岩屑和熟料等。本次分析样品出土地点相对集中,但其羼合料和粘土种类均较为多样,显示其可能来源于多个制陶作坊。     

双墩遗址黑陶渗炭工艺初探

双墩遗址是淮河流域新石器时代中期的一个重要遗址。该遗址出土了相当数量的黑陶,黑陶的制作工艺有多种,为探明双墩遗址黑陶的制作工艺,采用了XRD、喇曼光谱、重烧试验、显微、岩相、SEM和EDS探针等技术,对双墩遗址出土黑陶和局部发黑陶器进行了综合的测试分析。结果指出,陶器整个表层的黑色物质是炭黑。碳元素沿剖面的分布为:内外表层高而中间低,而内外表层0.6mm范围内炭含量的分布不甚均匀,存在明显的高低起伏,表明双墩遗址主要采用渗炭工艺制作黑陶。     

荥阳官庄遗址制陶作坊出土陶泥陶坯的科学分析

河南省荥阳官庄遗址发现了用于制陶的粘土原料以及未烧制的陶坯,这为研究西周中期以后中原制陶技术提供了不可多得的研究资料。为此,本研究利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射分析仪分析了部分原料和陶坯,并使用马弗炉对其中的陶泥进行了烧制实验。结果发现,官庄遗址的制陶原料含铁量较高,烧制过程中析出磁铁矿等铁类矿物,且烧成陶色偏深;此外,制陶原料和同期陶片之间物相的趋同性和化学成分的聚类性,显示陶器本地生产的特性。研究结果为研究西周晚期至春秋早期时期制陶技术提供了基础材料。     

Firing Techniques of the Impasti from the Protohistoric Site of Concordia Sagittaria (Venice)

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy provided relevant information on the firing techniques employed in manufacturing concotto and coarse pottery, two types of fired clay mixtures (impasti) of the protohistoric settlement site of Concordia Sagittaria. The firing techniques of Concordia were reconstructed by comparing the Mössbauer patterns of the artefacts with those of the local raw clays fired in the laboratory. The concotto was produced in kilns by firing clay mixtures under oxidizing conditions at 700–1000°C, or at lower temperatures in the open air. The firing of these clay mixtures containing mainly ground pieces of waste pottery, resulted in hard and variously coloured construction materials, particularly suitable for humid environments. In turn, the coarse pottery was produced by firing clay mixtures more homogeneous than those used for the artefacts of concotto. The firing of coarse pottery was performed under reducing conditions at about 900°C with a final exposure to air by opening the hot kiln. Light and agreeable coarse pottery, with a red surface on the grey-black core, was obtained when the effective temperature of air was higher than 500°C.     

苏家村遗址烧土样品的过火温度研究

烧土制品作为最早的人工建筑材料,使人类的居住环境得到了根本性的改善。然而,学界关于烧土建筑的成因存在人为烘烤处理、缘自火焚、废弃习俗等多种观点。通过科技手段研究烧土制品的过火温度,有助于科学分析烧土建筑的成因,探讨与之相关的建筑工艺,丰富史前建筑史研究。磁学研究表明,考古遗址中的土壤及其他沉积物在受热后新生成了磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等强磁性矿物导致磁性显著增强,且矿物成分和磁性几乎不会再发生变化;但当重烧的温度接近或大于原始烧成温度时,样品中原始矿物的破坏或新矿物的生成,会引起矿物磁性的改变。基于这一原理,实验室内分析受热黏土的磁化率随再加热温度的变化特征,可反映烧土制品的过火温度。苏家村遗址是大汶口文化晚期至龙山文化中期早段一处重要的聚落遗址,遗址中第5层为厚约20～40 cm的红烧土层且覆盖整个遗址,推测为房屋倒塌造成的建筑垃圾堆积层或人为堆积层,出土大量烧土块。本研究利用X射线衍射分析法、X射线荧光光谱分析法和磁化率法等对苏家村遗址出土的烧土样品开展了组成及构造特征和样品的过火温度的综合分析。结果表明,苏家村遗址烧土样品中的白灰层中人为地添加了白色陶土原料,土层中有意地添加了植物残骸作...     

Minero-petrographic characterization of fine ware from Cales (South Italy)

79 samples of black glazed pottery, Terra sigillata, fine common ware, and production indicators were recovered in the archaeological site of Cales and investigated via a multi-analytical program (polarized light microscopy, thermal analyses, XRPD, XRF, FESEM, FESEM-EDS). Among the materials, finds of important production indicators, represented by welded pieces of black glazed pottery and spacers, attest a local production. Polarized light microscopy shows that the inclusions consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, calcite, and lithic fragments of both volcanic and sedimentary nature. Additional information about the mineralogical assemblage comes from the XRPD that revealed the presence of neoformed Ca-silicates, indicating equivalent firing temperatures ranging from 750 to 1050°C. All the samples show a Ca-rich character and an extreme compositional homogeneity, including the production indicators. The comparison with some Ca-rich Campanian clay raw materials shows a greater affinity with the Mio-Pliocene marine clay sediments of the Apennine sector, which include local clays. This allowed us to formulate the first hypotheses about clay sources used to produce fine pottery during the third century BCE to the early imperial period in Cales.     

利用同墓葬出土泥芯、陶器示踪青同器铸造地初探 一以湖北襄樊部分东周墓为例

为研究出土墓葬青铜器铸造地,利用X射线荧光光谱法对湖北襄樊的余岗、沈岗、团山、陈坡四处墓地出土的部分青铜器泥芯、陶片进行测试分析,试验结果与山西侯马、武汉盘龙城遗址进行比较分析。对比研究显示,襄樊地区泥芯与当地墓土、陶片在常量元素上具有高度一致性,而与黄河流域的侯马和长江中下游的盘龙城有明显区别,说明襄樊地区这部分铜器应为本地铸造,暗示江汉流域存在自己特有文化。本项研究工作首次尝试利用同墓葬陶器化学成分探索青铜器铸造地,是泥芯研究青铜器铸造地的重要补充,泥芯和陶器相互配合,为青铜器铸造地研究提供了一种新思路。     

TESTING ASSUMPTIONS OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS: COMMUNITIES,WORKSHOPS AND PASTE PREPARATION IN YUCATAN,MEXICO*

Contemporary pottery and raw materials (N= 170) from three workshops in Ticul, Yucatán, were analysed by neutron activation to test the hypothesis that individual workshops that used their own clay sources could be identified by their pottery. Although the data failed to confirm the hypothesis, the results reinforced previous conclusions about the relationship of local communities of potters to the chemical patterning of pottery made in these communities.     

Diatoms as indicators of provenance in Finnish sub-neolithic pottery

The clays of Finland originated from glacial deposits formed during the deglaciation of the Weichselian ice-sheet and during the different stages of the Baltic Sea. The analysis of the fossil diatom flora is of central importance in the study of its developmental history. The diatoms in the clay indicate its sedimentary environment, which can be linked to the stages of the Baltic Sea. The siliceous valves of diatoms tolerate heating up to 1400°C and can consequently be identified in ceramics fired at lower temperatures. Several diatom analyses have been made in Finnish Sub-Neolithic comb ware pottery in order to determinate the origin of their clay materials. According to the results of these studies, prehistoric potteries used clays deposited during the Yoldia and the Ancylus stages. The criteria used in selecting raw materials were identical to those of modern ceramic industries. Further details as to provenance of clay materials have been illustrated in connection with research on pottery from the Aland Islands. In the example from Kymi, South-eastern Finland, changes in the composition of the diatom flora have been found to correlate with changes in pottery decoration styles.     

The forest or the trees? Behavioral and methodological considerations for geochemical characterization of heavily-tempered ceramic pastes using NAA and LA-ICP-MS

In this paper, the utility of LA-ICP-MS for instrumentally separating clay and temper within pottery samples is examined through a well-known case study that has been previously characterized through NAA and petrography. Coarse Orange pottery is composed of kaolinitic clays heavily tempered within volcanic ash from the basalt-rich Tuxtla Mountains of southern Veracruz, Mexico. We attempt to address the following topics with analyses on this pottery: 1) can LA-ICP-MS replicate the same groups previously identified by NAA and petrography; 2) can instrumental isolation of the clay fraction within the pottery replicate known patterns in raw clay source geochemistry in the Tuxtla Mountains; 3) can data for both the clay and volcanic ash fractions of each pottery sherd be combined to simulate the bulk INAA data? The results demonstrate that the clay fraction of the pottery sherds can be isolated. Furthermore, the LA-ICP-MS data for the clay fractions display nearly identical chemistry to available NAA data for raw clay samples collected from geological contexts in the region. Instrumentally isolating the clay fraction in this case eliminates the homogenizing effects of adding a common temper and increases the chemical separation among groups making it easier to identify clay procurement strategies for each specimen. However, focusing only on the clay fraction ignores significant tempering variation. Attempts to simulate the bulk NAA by combining LA-ICP-MS data for clays and temper was reasonably successful in reestablishing the tempering variation lost by exclusive focus on clays, but such an approach could not replace the more precise data generated from NAA and petrography.     

Preliminary Characterization of Pottery by Cathodoluminescence and SEM–EDX Analyses: An Example from the Yeha Region (Ethiopia)

Yeha was a political and cultural centre of the Ethio‐Sabaean culture (D’MT) in northern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea. Part of the archaeological research deals with pottery of local, regional and imported origin. The research—investigations and examinations—tries to classify local pottery in two ways: first, by analysing the mineralogy of the temper using light microscopy and cathodoluminescence; and, second, by analysing the main element composition of the clay matrix using a scanning electron microscope with energy‐dispersive X‐ray detection (SEM–EDX). The cathodoluminescence shows that the temper material has differences in the colours of feldspars with a similar mineralogical composition. The results demonstrate that the pottery was produced by using local material that originates from various sources in the Yeha region and that the same raw materials were used in different types of pottery.