Multi-level Science Policy and Regional Innovation: The Case of the Munich Cluster for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Knowledge-based industries tend to develop within regional or local clusters that allow for knowledge spillovers, the generation of a critical mass of complementary competencies and skills as for spatial proximity to academic organizations out of which many highly innovative firms have been founded. The prototype of that development certainly is the biotechnology industry which has emerged since the 1970s first in the US where especially small and medium-sized research companies have been established around leading science bases. Following the example of the US biotechnology industry, public policies in many industrialized countries aimed at stimulating cluster formation in biotechnology. This holds true especially for member states of the European Union (EU) where public policy initiatives have been initiated at different territorial levels. This article refers to the Munich pharmaceutical biotechnology cluster and applies institutional and organizational indicators that have been developed in various systemic analyses of technological development and innovation. It will be shown that reforms of the institutional environment in which the innovative organizations are embedded were crucial for the commercialization of biotechnological research in Germany. These reforms have occurred mostly at the regional and national level, whereas the EU played a role especially in establishing the regulatory framework for the biotechnology industry. Organizational indicators will be applied in order to assess the modes of knowledge production within the cluster.     

Regional Polarization under Transition: The Case of Slovakia

This paper analyses trends in regional polarization in Slovakia on the NUTS II and NUTS IV levels for the period 1985–2002 from the neo-classical and polarization approaches to regional development. Development of disparities in regional incomes was examined via an econometric model. The model was based on extensive datasets from Slovak districts for the period 1985–2002. It identified unemployment rates, urbanization rates, shares of population with university degree and share of foreign investors in total enterprises as major factors behind regional divergence. Strong polarization between Bratislava and the rest of the country was the most remarkable feature of regional development after 1989.     

区域旅游竞争力影响因素分析——基于案例比较研究的视角

本文基于波特的“钻石模型”,提出了影响区域旅游竞争力的因素构成,并运用配对比较法对碧峰峡、丽江、深圳、大连和开封等5个案例进行了比较研究,验证了本文所提出的生产要素、需求条件、相关与支持性产业、区域旅游战略及其结构以及区域竞争是区域旅游竞争力形成的普适性因素。     

The Dualism of Urban Governance in Denmark

The article argues that the present Danish urban policy and urban democracy can be characterized by a striking duality and tension between: (1) Participatory empowering welfare oriented community strategies, which targets deprived districts and neighbourhoods, which are based on notions of the inclusive city. This trend is founded on priorities of radical democracy, social justice, inclusion and citizens empowerment; (2) Neo-elitist/corporative market driven strategic regional and global growth strategies, which are based on notions of the Entrepreneurial Globalized City and where urban policy becomes a question of facilitation of the “growth machine” and neo-liberalized urban authoritarianism. The article discusses dilemmas for overcoming the growing tension between elitist neo-corporate growth regimes, which are in operation via “Quangoes” and closed elite networks, and community empowerment and welfare oriented policy in the age of globalization. Taking the stand of community empowerment and welfare policy, the article conclusively discusses ways to shape a new inclusive politics of difference including using “positive selectivism” as part of an empowerment strategy.     

转型视角下我国自助旅游发展研究

自助旅游是全球旅游发展转型背景下的新型主导型旅游方式,具有深远的可持续发展意义。本文站在从传统大众旅游到新旅游转型的视角下,审视了在当前市场环境与技术支撑下自助旅游蓬勃发展的背景、历程及独特价值,继而从自助旅游在国内的发展现状入手,深入分析自助旅游在中国的发展特点、存在的问题,并据此提出了加强管理、促进发展等针对性的措施与建议。     

"New Governance" and Associative Pluralism: The Case of Drug Policy in Swiss Cities

Throughout the 1990s, hierarchical administrative governance structures have been replaced by self-governing networks for various motives, one of which is to improve the authenticity and democratic quality of public decisions. Thus, "new governance" has been praised for its propensity to provide a plurality of civil society organizations with access to the decision process. This article explores these claims based on the case of drug policy in Swiss cities. We show that self-governing networks indeed seem to have increased the involvement of civil society organizations in the policy process. However, we also find evidence that self-governing networks may in the longer run induce state control over civil society organizations, thus ultimately reducing associative pluralism. They do so either by imposing a policy paradigm or by excluding actors who do not comply with the dominant paradigm from the networks. We conclude by arguing that self-organizing networks should not be dismissed, given that former hierarchical bureaucratic approaches to drug-related problems have failed even worse. Rather, their long-term effects should be subject to further examination aimed at developing adequate responses to their shortcomings.     

Patterns of Regional Inequality in Transition Economies

This paper provides a comparative account of important aspects of regional development in transition economies, on the basis of regional statistics available for Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. More specifically it examines the geographical pattern of disparities, the convergence/divergence trends that have taken place at the regional level and the relation of regional disparities to the process of transition. It is found that spatial adjustments under transition favour metropolitan and western regions, especially in countries sharing common borders with the European Union (EU) and being a short distance from the European core. In addition, disparities have increased at various rates and degrees in transition countries to levels that are higher than most of the EU countries. Given that the catch-up process, which favours more often efficiency than equity policies, has a long way to go, the regional problems in these countries may take alarming, by EU standards, dimensions.     

Solving the Riddle of Industrial Policy: A Comparative Perspective

Industrial policy would appear to be fertile ground for the application of evaluative comparison, that is, the use of comparative methods to elicit principles for policy improvement. Comparative methods have been used, although often on a highly selective basis, to support or rebut arguments about targeted government intervention in industry. This paper argues that it is only when industrial policy is reconceptualised as a system of incentives rather than as a set of allocative decisions that evaluative comparison comes into its own. By developing and applying the 'most different' method of comparison, it is possible to discern the key elements of successful industrial policy in a form which can be used to bring about practical improvement in any given country.     

文化治理视域中的非物质文化遗产保护研究

非物质文化遗产是国家文化软实力的一项重要指标,保护非物质文化遗产对于建构基于传统文化多样性基础之上的文化共同体有着重要意义。非物质文化遗产保护的现有模式多建基于文化"管理"或文化"经济"的认识之上,因此,从文化治理的观点出发,非物质文化遗产保护还面临着诸多问题,如保护主体单一、公众参与不足、忽视"文化纽带"等。非物质文化遗产保护应力推"公益性保护",才能充分挖掘其公益价值、丰富其文化内涵,为非物质文化遗产传承注入新的活力。     

跨域视角下的美国铁路华工研究述评

论文分别梳理了美国和中国关于铁路华工研究的学术史,并进行了比较与思考。认为美国横贯大陆铁路的通车,保障美国实现了真正的国家统一,开拓了美国的太平洋贸易时代。华工是铁路西段的建设主力,铸造了历史的丰碑。目前,对铁路华工的研究成果主要是"美国视角"下的学术实践:美国学界的研究起步早;研究资料主要来自美国;学术话题主要是美国学界在引领;中国的铁路华工研究仍处于边缘地位。这种状况既具有时代特点,也具有学术的时代局限。需要从地理和学术两个层面去突破"美国视角",深化铁路华工研究。     

区域博物馆开放性叙事探究——以长三角区域博物馆展览叙事为例

传统的区域博物馆封闭性叙事固然能够强化对区域文化的集中阐释,但也有明显的视野局限.长三角区域一体化发展要求基于现代意识和全球眼光建设具有当代价值的江南文化,强调区域文化间的交互联动,推动区域博物馆叙事模式从封闭性向开放性转化.区域博物馆的开放性叙事建构可借鉴大英博物馆百物展叙事创新模式,从叙事空间的开放性、叙事结构的对话性和跨媒介叙事三方面重构博物馆叙事机制,这既能够反映区域历史和故事,也能够表述当下,更具主动参与性.探索建构江南文化的博物馆整体叙事路径,可从全球对话、主题展览、当代性叙事三个角度给予区域博物馆实践例证,并探索女性史、文创展览、物的关联等开放性叙事新方向.     

美国国家公园交通政策的演变以约塞米蒂国家公园为例

约塞米蒂国家公园中的游客时空分布和交通路网显著相关,交通政策不仅影响游客的游览质量,也关乎自然资源的保护和利用.约塞米蒂国家公园从19世纪后期没有汽车的年代,到自驾盛行,再到现在开展综合交通和容量评估项目的交通政策演变简史,折射出整个美国国家公园体系中此类政策的历史.     

Urban and Rural Definitions in Regional Context: A Case Study on Turkey

Transformations in the urban and rural areas under the effects of global economic, social and political circumstances have rendered their boundaries more blurring. It has become increasingly difficult to make a clear distinction between urban and rural. This paper intends to bring definitions of urban–rural into discussion in the context of Turkey. It reveals the results of a research project (conducted by Hürriyet G. Ö?dül with Serkan Öngel and Habip Uluçay from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 2007 and financed by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey and Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Research Fund), aiming at revealing the degrees of the urbanity and rurality throughout the country, with an emphasis on the diversification of regions in the urban–rural context. The study is conducted at the NUTS 4 level. Districts are classified as “dominantly rural, dominantly urban and transitional” through the factor analysis based on six structures: agricultural production, non-agricultural production, employment, demography, education and flows of money, goods and people. The urban–rural profile of the country is found as rural and transitional. It is possible to observe some areas displaying deep rural characters in well-developed western regions and some “prosperity spots” dispersed throughout the less-developed eastern regions. Then, regional classifications ranging from “concentrated urban regions” to “rural regions” are made at the NUTS 1 level. Finally, the results are evaluated in perspectives of spatial planning of Turkey and entering process to the EU.     

基于旅游流特征分析的旅游区域影响研究--以淮安市为例

本文以旅游流为立足点,深入分析了旅游区域影响的机制（细分出3种基本环境机制）及空间模式（归纳出3种基本空间影响模式）,并进一步将机制（Mechanism）、模式（Model）进行组合,形成旅游流区域影响分析的“M—M”基本效果矩阵,从而树立了基于旅游流及空间视角的旅游区域影响分析框架。最后对淮安市进行了实证分析,以检验其在目的地区域旅游开发实践中的作用。     

从琉球问题看日本的对外扩张政策

日本自明治维新走上近代民族国家的道路以来,在外交政策上一直奉行扩张主义,使亚洲邻国深受其害。然而我们今天在考察日本对外扩张的历史时往往着重于其对邻国的侵略,而忽视了日本强行把琉球王国纳入其版图成为现在日本的冲绳县这一史实。其实吞并琉球作为日本近代扩张的第一步有着极其深远的影响,日本正是因为受到顺利吞并琉球的鼓舞,才会变本加厉地加紧对外扩张的脚步。琉球被吞并后设置的冲绳县作为日本侵占的第一块领土,也成为其殖民政策的试验田,其后日本在台湾、朝鲜殖民政策的背后都能看到其对冲绳统治政策的影子。