Economic Policies and Local Development: Some Reflections

Every national system is also a sum of all its regional economies. Then, there are economically differentiated regions within nations. If the foregoing is true, a crucial problem for economic policy is determining which policies should be pursued at the national level (national policies), and on what grounds, and which should instead be developed at the local, regional level (local policies). What policies influence the development and competitiveness of regional economies? This article tries to discuss these issues.The first causal relation to examine is that between national economic policies and the competitiveness of a country's regions. The picture grows even more complex if we consider that there are national policies which have explicitly geographical objectives. Then, why not count on national policies, even locally differentiated ones? Having answered this question this paper addresses the opposite issue: why should we not view the entirety, or at least the largest part, of national economic policy--and development policies in particular--as simply the sum of local economic policies? How can one distinguish between the local effects of national economic policies and those of local development policies? A further problem is providing a satisfactory definition of regions (i.e. the areas in which policies are to be implemented) and of their boundaries.     

Teaching (Political) Economic Geography: Some Personal Reflections

Teaching economic geography is not a matter of replicating textbook models. It requires engagement with the ever-changing global economy, which often puts the lie to existing theory. It demands that the teacher break down the economy into its major parts, in a way that students can grasp. This does not mean abandoning theory; on the contrary, it means getting beyond static exchange models to grasp the dynamics of commodity systems, divisions of labour, technology and capital flows. To this, add how geography matters to the way economies work. And always maintain a critical stance toward the world and toward received wisdom.     

Innovative Activity in SMEs and Rural Economic Development: Some Evidence from England

Recent writings on the factors influencing the competitiveness of regional and local economies have emphasized the importance of innovation in SMEs. This paper discusses the findings of a study of the innovation process in a sample of SMEs located in rural environments. Adopting a broad, evolutionary view of the innovation process, the study highlights important sectoral variations using a multidimensional index of innovation. The way in which innovation is achieved is found to be shaped by various aspects of the rural environment, but relatively few firms are constrained by their rural location. Nor does the lack of local networking opportunities appear to hold back innovation in the more active SMEs. In conclusion, the most innovative firms are shown to make an important contribution to rural economies in terms of external income generation and employment generation.     

Globalization,State Restructuring and Innovation in European Water Management Systems: Reflections from England and Wales

Since the mid-1990s the notion of 'hollowing out' has been increasingly used within debates about the changing role of the nation-state in the management and regulation of public services. This paper is concerned with the impact of the various processes of hollowing out on innovation actions in the privatized water sector, particularly in terms of the changing drivers for innovation and the reconfiguration of public and private sector roles across Europe. In order to develop a more detailed case study of English water management, we draw on the Innovation Systems literature, regulation theory and globalization debates to locate a shift from a hierarchical and insular national system in England pre-privatization to a more complex and diffuse system after 1989. In common with some of the more sophisticated accounts of hollowing out we demonstrate that the role of the nation-state in shaping innovation decisions has not necessarily diminished, rather it has been reconfigured in response to various social, economic and environmental factors.     

有关考古领域科技发展的几点思考

<正>一.引言严文明先生在为陈铁梅先生著《科技考古学》所做的序言中指出:考古学的产生,是在历史学的发展提出了寻找新的证据和拓展研究领域的要求,在地质地层学和生物分类学初步形成的学术背景下,借用了二者的基本原理,并且依据人类历史文     

上海都市旅游发展的若干问题

在回顾上海都市旅游发展的历史,并将近年来上海旅游发展在长江三角洲地区、华东地区、全国范围等不同层次上进行对比的基础上,分析了上海都市旅游发展存在的问题,提出上海都市旅游的内涵细分和构建包括上海都市旅游核、都市旅游带、都市旅游圈在内的大上海都市旅游圈的构想,并讨论了上海都市旅游开发和城市一体化建设的问题。     

关于上海旅游节发展的若干思考

节庆旅游的发展相当迅速,经济效益、化效益、社会效益都很明显。本综合评述旅游节庆的地位与作用,对上海旅游节的发展进行了SWOT分析,并根据实际情况提出若干对策。     

On the Relationship Between Cultural and Economic Aspects of Regional Development: Some Evidence from Germany and Britain

This paper takes up the discussion on the relationship between culture and economic development and places it in the context of one British and several German case studies whose main interest it was to demonstrate the importance of cultural aspects (in the widest sense) for understanding regional development in general and the development of the study areas in particular. Despite the growing interest in the issue during the recent past in various academic disciplines there is as yet no consistent theoretical approach to it. This paper does not venture to fill that gap, but it addresses some of the open questions by looking into the case studies. The lessons learned are mainly two-fold. Firstly, the findings emphasize the general importance of the socio-cultural dimension for understanding regional development. Secondly, not least because of the empirical slant of the studies a closer link between the different theoretical approaches would seem very desirable.     

关于高校学科建设若干问题的思考

在高校的发展过程中,学科建设非常重要。学科建设在高校各项工作中处于龙头地位,没有一流的学科就没有一流的大学。在新时期,高校学科建设必须结合国家发展战略体系、区域经济社会发展需要、学科自身发展的实际。高校管理者要把握学科建设内涵,明确学科建设内容、学科建设原则和学科建设目标。在此基础上,积极为学科建设提供体制机制保障、人才队伍保障和条件环境保障,以适应高校学科建设集成化、基地化、团队化的发展趋势。     

Geisteswissenschaften in the Third Reich: Some Reflections

Professor Hans Reiss left Germany on 22 August 1939, ‘cuttingit rather fine’, as he puts it, for Ireland, where hestudied and subsequently taught at Trinity College Dublin. Helater held teaching posts at the London School of Economicsand Queen Mary College, London, and was professor at McGillUniversity and the University of Bristol. Professor Reiss haspublished twelve books and editions and over seventy articlesthat range widely across the fields of German literature, culturalhistory and political thought. In this historiographical review,he discusses recent research on the conduct of German literaryscholars during the Third Reich.     

State Collapse and Fresh Starts: Some Critical Reflections

In examining the incidence of state collapse, two central themes emerge, one concerned with the search for causalities and the other concerned with appropriate responses. There is often a misplaced tendency to look for single causes and explanations of state collapse, and similarly to propose single, preferably ‘quick–fix’ solutions. Instead, what seems to be called for is a more nuanced scrutiny which differentiates the factors leading to collapse in specific instances, and a reconsideration, in the light of this scrutiny, of responses and possible external actor involvement. This article addresses these two themes. Firstly, it takes a preliminary look into the complex web of conditioning and facilitating factors that may or may not set in motion a chain reaction eventually leading to state collapse, examining the extent to which any emerging patterns can be identified. Secondly, it looks more closely at the response side to incidences of state collapse, specifically external responses. Whilst external actors, notably the ‘donor community’, are trying to better prepare themselves for the eventualities of crises of governance and state collapse in various countries, and to design more effective strategies and instruments, it remains to be seen to what extent there is a ‘fit’ between the determinants and dynamics of state collapse and the responses and solutions for restoration which are offered.     

论创意旅游——兼谈上海都市旅游的提升战略

在创意产业勃兴的背景下,创意旅游理论研究与实践逐渐受到了重视。但理论界对创意旅游认知的视角是有差异的,其中：旅游者自我关照视角下的创意旅游着重强调旅游活动主体的自我意识、自我反省,旅游产业发展视角下的创意旅游则着重强调创意思维的延伸及运用。本文对上述观点进行了分析,对理查德和威尔逊提出的创意旅游发展的三种形式做了进一步阐释,进而结合产业实际重点探讨了上海都市旅游的提升战略。     

Interpreting Urban Food Supply and Distribution Systems from Faunal Assemblages: An Example from Colonial Massachusetts

Animal bone assemblages from four historical sites in eastern Massachusetts are analysed in a comparative framework to interpret aspects of urban food systems. Characteristics of the urban environment and the nature of food supply and exchange systems are interpreted from taxonomic representation, body part representation, butchery patterns, and age and seasonal slaughtering patterns. These analyses show that specialized husbandry to supply urban markets was limited during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that many aspects of urban food distribution systems followed traditional rural patterns. A model that explores the relation between patterning of bone collections and characteristics of urban areas is applicable to other studies of urban assemblages. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Network Autocorrelation in Transport Network and Flow Systems

The use of Moran's I to assess the existence of network autocorrelation in flows over the arcs of real (tangible) and abstract (intangible) networks is examined. Residuals of a migration model developed here reveal the presence of such autocorrelation or dependence. Two approaches for removing the observed dependence are examined.     

Urban Settlement Systems and Rural Sustaining Communities: An Example from Chan Chan's Hinterland

Abstract

The study of prehistoric cities has often been marked by research strategies that focus completely on urban centers and thus preclude the delineation of entire settlement systems by ignoring the interrelationships between cities and their rural sustaining communities. A major focus of recent research in the Moche Valley on the Peruvian North Coast has been on elucidating the nature of urbanrural relations between the prehistoric Chimú city of Chan Chan and contemporaneous sites located in its hinterland. Excavation at the village of Cerro la Virgen together with additional evidence obtained from other sites in Chan Chan's rural sustaining area has provided insights into Chimú lifeways in nonmetropolitan areas, as well as evidence suggesting a multifaceted plan for organizing lands outside the civic center of Chan Chan. The archaeological data indicate that an important aspect of the organization of rural argicultural zones was the restriction of settlement to villages circumscribed by the Chimú state.     

关于社会主义地方志事业可持续发展的几点思考

我国地方志事业发展正处于关键和转型时期,实现地方志事业的可持续发展,必须在发展思路上实现由编纂地方志书的一点支撑到多维度发展转变。价值维度是生存之基,空间维度是力量之源,时间维度是活力所系。在发展的路径上必须坚持继承与创新,不断完善领导体制与工作机制,调整发展方式,完善质量保障机制,加强机构与队伍建设。