读冯客《近代中国之种族观念》

“在历史上,众多的研究已经将西方国家种族偏见的限度展现无余……然而,种族观念①在欧美以外的社会也同样兴盛,这一点就鲜为人知了。”冯客先生所著《近代中国之种族观念》②“前言”第1页中的这段话,我认为有一定的根据。③在我们这里,尽管清末革命派曾大谈“种族革命”,但研究者一般都将之纳入“民族主义”范畴。其实,不只是今天的研究者,在清末民初,我们的前辈就往往将国家(国族)与种族混同起来。冯客指出,在20世纪初的留日学生那里,“种”与“国”是重叠的:“‘国’和‘种’在成组的短语如‘爱种爱国’或‘国界种界’中经常并置,这也对…     

近代英国农业的结构和性质问题——兼论从封建主义向资本主义过渡问题

本文证明,在英国近代农业中包含了大租地农场、小型家庭租佃农场、大地主地产、庄园制残余等多种经济结构成分,提出了与国内一些学者所持的英国近代农业是资本主义发展的典型的结论不同的见解。提出英国近代资本主义时期国民经济中农业经济部类的结构特征和性质的问题,认为农业部类与工业部类的结构性质有所不同,前一部类常常保留了若干封建残余和非资本主义经济结构成分,资本主义时代农业发展道路不同于工业。由于从封建主义向资本主义社会过渡的第二次国际大讨论中,布伦纳的论文是以英国农业资本主义典型性的论点为基础的,今天对布伦纳辩论有必要重新加以考虑。     

近世中国社会形态与社会性质再讨论

配方首先从理论上分析论证了社会形态和社会性质概念的逻辑内涵和历史内涵及其相互关系;在此基础上进而对近中国社会形态和社会性质进行了实证分析,指出近世中国社会形态属于“早初机器－工业－民主社会”,社会性质属于“早初现代社会”。     

“中国手艺”之名与实

美国学者鲁道夫·P·霍梅尔(Rudolf P.Hommel)的大作《手艺中国:中国手工业调查图录》的研究对象正是我们现今骤然兴起的"非物质文化遗产"。"手工艺术"在历史的分化和演化中会集结为特定的"行业",这在全世界都是一个通则。中国文明体有自己的概念、分类和命名,形成了独特的表述体系。"分类概念"具有引导思维的特性,它不仅属于言语表述,更是一种话语权力,我们完全丢弃中国传统体系中的概念、分类系统尤其需要警示。如果我们把中国传统的"手工技艺"视为一笔丰厚的非物质文化遗产的话,眼下要做的工作就是还原传统概念体系,即从"名"到"实"的整体回归。     

地域社会的跨国叙事:近代以来广东潮阳陈四合批局与陈氏跨国家族的建构

论文通过个案研究,探讨了近代以来广东潮阳陈四合批局与陈云腾跨国家族的建构。在中国近代政治史上,闽粤交界的潮汕地区少为国史学者所关注,但在社会经济与文化变迁领域,这是一个需要深入研究的地方。无论是跨国主义、海洋史,还是从方兴未艾的跨国史视角看,近代以来的潮州人一直都是一个活跃的、深具跨国性特征的群体。陈云腾家族的故事首先说明,要深刻理解跨国空间的人群,任何时候都不能忽略近代以来国家的制度变迁与地方社会脉络的因素。在海外的"跨国"要素影响本土社会的同时,本土社会业已存在的历史文化传统也深刻影响着处于跨国空间的人群。     

Evolutionary Biology and Human Nature: The Archaeology of Epigenetic Rules

MacNeish, Richards., Angel Garcia Cook, Luis G. Lumbreras, Robert K. Vierra, and Antoinette Nelkin‐Terner. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: Excavations and Chronology. Volume II. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981. xii + 279 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth.

MacNeish, Richard S., Robert K. Vierra, Antoinette Nelkin‐Temer, and Carl J. Phagan. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: Nonceramic Artifacts. Volume III. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980. xii + 344 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth.

MacNeish, Richard S., Robert K. Vierra, Antoinette Nelkin‐Terner, Rochelle Lurie, and Angel Garcia Cook. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: The Preceramic Way of Life. Volume IV. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983. x + 288 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth.     

近代中国早期的公司

在欧洲商业组织引入中国以前,中国的实体股权长久以来一直依靠文化的以及法律习俗所支撑。在缺少法典化、系统化的私法惯例之下,深深植根于日常惯例之中的契约文化和使私人契约生效的政府维持了商业的日益增长。类似的惯例满足了商界寻求方法聚积资本并长久维持商行的需求。这些习俗的发展有助于解释西方式的公司法颁布之后中国对西方判例的适应性以及中国习俗自相矛盾的存留状态。     

Modern Pagan Festivals: A Study in the Nature of Tradition

The cluster of recently appeared religions known as Paganism have developed, over the past sixty years, a distinctive cycle of annual festivals, most of which draw on long historic roots but that are grouped together in a modern framework. No study has yet been made of the manner in which this cycle developed, and potentially rich rewards may be gained from doing so. Such a project is a rare opportunity to study a religious festive tradition in the process of evolution, and also to suggest features of the nature of tradition in modern societies, and the manner in which it is perceived by scholars in different disciplines.     

近代中国博览业的先驱陈琪及其著述

《近代史研究》1998年第1期和1999年第4期分别刊载了梁碧莹教授的《民初我国实业界赴美的一次经济活动——中国与巴拿马太平洋万国博览会》和马敏教授的《有关中国与巴拿马太平洋万国博览会的几点补充》两篇章。章依据国内报刊资料和国外英档案资料,对中国参与此次盛会的情况作了较细致的评述,但对中国赴美赛会监督兼筹备巴拿马赛会事务局局长陈琪其人以及陈琪与中国近代博览业的关系着墨不多,对陈琪所撰的《中国参与巴拿马太平洋博览会记实》一书也未曾提及。笔拟在此作一补充介绍,以期说明陈琪在中国近代博览会史上的地位,以及陈琪述的史料价值。     

Masturbation and Discourse on Female Sexual Practices in Early Modern Japan

Much of the discourse on female sexual practices in early modern Japan centred on masturbation, usually with a dildo, deemed necessary for a woman's mental and physical health when the male member was unavailable. References to female same‐sex relations suggest that they too made sense in situations where men were absent. Some sex manuals treated female sexual arousal within the context of conjugal relations, while a text written for wives in polygamous marriages places female sexual practice at the service of male interests. The texts analysed here show not only that early modern Japanese held different attitudes toward sex than their western counterparts, but also that they could hold multiple attitudes at the same time.     

寿山石印章——自然与人文的完美结合

寿山石是篆刻家们最熟悉、最常用的印材之一。它的发现和利用,是明清以降篆刻艺术繁荣和发展的重要因素之一。可以这样说,寿山石与篆刻的结合,是自然与人文最高妙、最完美的结合。宋代学者黄干的《寿山》是目前可考的最早关于寿山石的文字记述,就是在这首诗里,有“石为多文招斧凿,寺因野火转荧煌”的句子。黄干认为,寿山石“招斧凿”的原因是其“多文”,     

Occult Spheres,Planes, and Dimensions: Geometric Terminology and Analogy in Modern Esoteric Discourse

This is an article on the history of religion and mathematics, which explores the origins and uses of geometric terminology in late‐nineteenth‐ and early‐twentieth‐century esoteric discourses, and inquires as to whether or not such adaptions are instances of the discursive strategy identified by Olav Hammer as terminological scientism. For the situation regarding spheric terminology, I argue that the context is not scientistic, being rather an example of the decontextualised modern appropriation of antique terminologies. In the case of planar terminology, I conclude that while its origin with Emanuel Swedenborg as an adaption of anatomical vocabulary does indeed fit Hammer's definition of scientism, modern usage stripped the term of Swedenborg's scientistic rationale — making the scientistic designation something of a vestigial atavism. In dealing with dimensional terminology, my conclusion is that from Johann Zöllner's initial formulation to the broader Spiritualistic and Theosophical applications, it exemplifies terminological scientism through and through.     

Interaction between Nature and Society and Modern Geography

This paper, delivered by one of the leading Soviet philosophers at a plenary session of the Fourth Congress of the Geographical Society USSR, is the latest authoritative statement on the relationship between physical and economic geography. The author balances the fact of increasing differentiation and specialization and the continued existence of separate physical and economic-geographic groups of disciplines against the need for more synthesis in geographic research. He thus echoes ideas expressed by V. A. Anuchin earlier this year in the philosophical journal Problemy Filosofii [see Soviet Geography, April 1964]. Konstantinov, in preparing the paper, made use of the materials of the Combined Conference of Philosophical [Methodological] Seminars of the Academy of Sciences USSR on the theme “The problem of the interaction of nature and society and the place of the geographic sciences in its solution” [see Tezisy dokladov (Abstracts of Papers), Moscow, 1964], especially the paper by A. G. Doskach, Yu. P. Trusov, and Ye. T. Fadeyev on “The interaction of nature and society and some problems of modern geography.” Konstantinov also acknowledges suggestions from Academician I. P. Gerasimov, V. Zh. Kelle, a philosopher, and Academician Ye. K. Fedorov, a geophysicist.