论政党执政文明与党政分开

所谓政党执政文明,是指政党以民主、和平的方式,公正、有效地运用公共权力,推行公共政务,发挥公共职能的作用,推动国家经济、政治、文化的发展。具体地说,政党执政文明包含下述若干重要的内在规定。政党自身民主政党执政要文明,政党自身必须是民主的、开放的。历史上的德、意、     

良渚文化墓地与其表述的文明社会

一福泉山墓地二马桥墓地三瑶山墓地四墓地表述的文明社会1994年我在《良渚文化的年代和其所处社会阶段——五千年前中国进入文明的一个例证》一文中提出良渚文化年代的上限在公元前3200年前后,以及良渚文化已经进入文明时代的认识〔1〕,直到今天也基本上没有改变这些观点。我常说"让材料牵着鼻子走",近年发表的     

战后英国共识政治的成因

共识政治是战后英国政党政治史的一个显著特点 ,其成因不止一端。第三次科技革命的兴起导致英国社会经济结构的变化和中产阶级迅速崛起 ,并由此导致轮流上台执政的两党领导集团阶级属性的趋同 ,此为共识政治产生的根本原因。凯恩斯主义和第二次世界大战为共识政治的产生提供了理论基础和推动力。英国议会民主的宪政体制则是战后共识政治产生的制度保障     

浙江余杭反山、瑶山细线刻神兽纹纹样及其相关问题

通过对反山、瑶山墓地出土玉器纹样的分析,可以认为良渚社会细线刻神兽纹存在不同的纹饰风格,其雕刻是在不同族群进行的。一些墓地出土细线刻纹样的相似性表明良渚文化贵族集团在很大空间范围内存在着玉器交流的现象,这对认识良渚社会各贵族集团之间的关系具有重要意义。     

忻州窑子墓地社会学研究

本文根据内蒙古忻州窑子墓地的随葬器物,推定了墓葬分期,区分出5条由未成年人墓葬连缀成的边界和4个由成年人的墓葬聚集成的墓区.4个墓区又可聚合为北区和南区,二区在葬俗、随葬品、财富占有量和社会地位的分布特征等方面存在对立关系;由墓地形态和墓地分层推知,墓地死者人们共同体呈分层的二元结构.     

从扩权到扩容:社会治理的本体回归

从社会管理走向社会治理,是权力向权利的回归。国家权力的下放,体现了推行民主行政、构建民主政治的治国理念,也是社会治理活动中参与主体移位的表现形式。要想实现国家治理体系及治理能力现代化的目标,不仅要加强社会活力,增强社会自我管理能力,同时也要依靠政府的监督。由此,在社会治理进程中,社会管理提供保障,社会自治大力推行,这是社会治理的两种基本表现形式,亦是一体两翼,不仅是实现良法善治的有效途径,更是实现国家治理体系及治理能力现代化的必然要求。     

政治学意义上的党内民主与人民民主

<正>关于党内民主与人民民主,党的十六大报告明确提出"党内民主是党的生命",党的十七大报告指出:"人民民主是社会主义的生命"。这里的两个"生命"不是孤立的。党内民主和人民民主是社会主义民主政治的两个基本方面,也是社会主义政治文明的两个关键范畴。作为13亿人口大国的执政     

复制还是隐喻?——对“打猖”民间宗教活动的研究

以民间宗教活动中的"打猖"为例,基于治理的视角,论证了民间宗教"隐喻的隐喻"背后,其实是对"国家"和"社会"的"复制"。这种"复制"具体表现为:在治理背景上,民间宗教"复制"了"社会"的治乱兴衰和由乱至治;在治理空间上,民间宗教"复制"了"国家"的行政区划与权力空间设置;在治理目的上,民间宗教"复制"了国家的民本思想;在治理手段上,民间宗教"复制"了"社会"的流动机制和"国家"的惩戒机制;在治理合法性上,民间宗教"复制"了"国家"与"社会"的双重授权模式。中国的民间宗教并不等同于"社会",也不等同于"国家",而是由"国家"与"社会"共同"合谋"而"互构"出来的"第三域",是"国家"和"社会"之间的缓冲地带。     

关于近代早期英国“中等阶层”的术语争议及定义标准

近年来西方社会史家提出用"中等阶层"这一术语取代过去常用的"中产阶级",来指代近代早期英国社会转型过程中形成的社会中间阶层,虽然受到了史学界的广泛认同和接受,但也引发了诸多争议。在所有研究领域完全用"中等阶层"取代"中产阶级"不一定恰当,但在研究近代早期英国经济和社会现象时,用"中等阶层"比"中产阶级"更符合当时社会转型的复杂史实。从当时人阶层区分标准的变迁和对中等阶层的描述出发,将生活方式作为定义中等阶层的标准,以生活方式界定中等阶层的群体构成,能够有效地消解部分学术争议。     

国家政权建设下乡村的权力和秩序——以民国前期贾汪矿区为中心

民国前期贾汪矿区的政治生态和社会秩序,随着国家政权建设的逐步深入,呈阶段性起伏波动之势。民初对绅权既尊重又约束的制度安排,保障了矿区的有序发展。1920年代末国家权力全面扩张,政治失意、经济受损的乡村"保护人"即曾为地方利益代言的乡绅投向逐利性基层国家权力,转化为渔利型掮客,导致矿区失序。1933年国家权力重新调整后,新崛起的地方精英与职能强化的地方政府致力于乡村利益和社会公正,修复了矿区秩序。矿区政治和秩序的变化,从根本上说是政权建设中制度变革特别是国家权力配置不断调适的结果,区域性生态环境的影响并不明显;而忽视这种阶段性特征,单纯说政权建设成功或失败有失偏颇。     

良渚先民的体质特征与经济、环境适应关系研究——以上海松江广富林遗址出土人骨的体质人类学研究为例

本文在对上海松江广富林遗址良渚文化墓葬出土的人骨古食谱和骨骼病理分析基础上,探讨了良渚先民的体质特征与经济、环境的适应关系。稻米在良渚文化居民饮食结构中的比重逐渐提升,到良渚文化中晚期,已经成为重要的食物。良渚社会通过改良水稻品种、精细加工生产工具和大量开凿水井等方法提高水稻产量,粮食的增加使良渚社会人口数量膨胀,聚落数量猛增,良渚社会进入繁荣。一方面是繁重的农业生产和费时费力的渔业捕捞劳动,另一方面是建立在神权之上的社会制度,都使良渚文化居民的劳动强度大大增加,居民寿命普遍较短,大多在成年甚至壮年期死亡。高强度的劳动使骨性关节炎的发病率很高。     

“… but in its proper place. …”Religion,Enlightenment, and Australia's Secular Heritage: The Case of Robert Lowe in Colonial NSW 1842–1850

Over the last few decades historians have been rediscovering Australia's religious heritage, often in response to entrenched narratives depicting Australia's social, intellectual, and political history as a triumph of secular enlightenment over vestiges of Old World partnerships of religion, state, and society. That Australia has a rich secular heritage is indisputable, but to draw a sharp distinction between the “secular” and the “religious” is anachronistic and misguided, and any attempt to tell the story of Australia's secular heritage must acknowledge that the “secular” often found its justification flowing from more general religious premises grounded in enlightenment ideals such as rational religion, rational piety, and general Christianity. Indeed, when liberal democracy was emerging in the colonies the “secular” had to be justified in terms acceptable to the public square and these terms were broadly religious. Robert Lowe is an apt case study for divining the nature of the secular in colonial Australia, for his thought and political activity show the subtle and complex way that ideals such as “enlightenment,” “religion,” and “secular” entered into dialogue rather than warfare with one another and contributed to social institutions judged suitable for a fledgling pluralist nation.     

从玉器纹饰看良渚文化宗教信仰中的两类因素

良渚文化的玉器纹饰可分为两类因素和三个主题。两类因素,即以鸟纹为代表的自然崇拜因素和以神人兽面纹为代表的祖先崇拜因素,体现出两种主次不同的崇拜形式,在纹饰上它们表现为两种基本主题,同时它们又有机地结合在一起,形成一种更高层次的完整的崇拜主题形式。两类因素各自有着不同的源流。鸟祖崇拜在华东地区的新石器文化中具有悠久的传统,尤其在大汶口文化中得到充分发展,在良渚文化中仍有一定的表现。而以直系祖先崇拜为主要内涵的神权宗教,通过对氏族宗教的融合,在良渚文化中发展到极致,其以兽面纹为代表的宗教内涵和艺术传统对商周青铜文化有重大影响。     

“江苏省兴化、东台市蒋庄遗址考古成果专家论证会”会议纪要

2016年2月"江苏省兴化、东台市蒋庄遗址考古成果专家论证会"对位于江苏兴化、东台的蒋庄遗址进行了实地考察并就相关问题展开讨论。专家们认为:大规模的良渚文化墓地是蒋庄遗址最重要的发现,说明了良渚文化已经扩张到长江以北,有助于学界更新对良渚文化的认识;蒋庄遗址葬制葬俗多样、人骨保存完好、随葬玉器等级较高,为良渚文化的研究提供了新的实物资料。蒋庄墓地的年代框架还需要通过进一步的科研工作来确认,未来的遗址保护工作还需要地方政府给予积极的配合。     

How Can Liberal Democracies Defend Themselves against Tyranny?

Tyranny in the modern era turned toward totalitarianism through the idea that human nature needed to be “perfected”; communism's enemy was a matter of class, Nazism's a matter of race. Democracy would seem by definition to resist such ideologies, but even the modern democratic state now possesses mechanisms that can be turned in tyrannical directions: regulatory powers, social welfare systems, and the new tools of artificial intelligence and “big data.” American democracy has been trending toward the “direct” form of democracy that the Founders recognized in ancient Athens and were determined to avoid, a degree of popular sovereignty capable of producing demands upon government that, in turn, could transform a people's government into a government's people. The best defense may be found in classic American literature's examination of national character and identity.     

The Expansion of Emergency Powers: Social Conflict and the Military in Indonesia

The exercise of emergency powers is always controversial. This article identifies the expansion of the type and scope of emergency powers through legislative reform. It does so by examining the Indonesian Law on Social Conflict 2012, which allows a state of social conflict to be declared at the national, regional or local level in response to social conflict, such as conflict between religious or ethnic communities. The deliberate choice of the term “state of social conflict”, rather than “state of emergency”, is an attempt to obscure the nature of these powers. Analysis of these powers and the debate that has ensued suggests that the law expands the types of situation in which powers usually only reserved for an emergency are used, and by delegating this power to local authorities, the law in effect amounts to the expansion of emergency powers. I suggest that this should lead to renewed focus on meaningful limits and checks on the exercise of power during times of emergency.     

良渚文化经济形态与社会形态试说

良渚文化发现６０年来，诸多学者对其作了富有成效的探讨，其研究至今方兴未艾。本文试对其经济形态与社会形态作一分析，并就良渚社会存在的一些现象作尝试性的解说。一良渚文化的手工业非常发达，制陶、纺织和编织较以往有了很大进步，特别是制玉和祭坛建筑更是反映了良...     

浙江平湖戴墓墩良渚文化遗址发掘简报

戴墓墩遗址位于浙江省平湖市乍浦镇,遗址总面积约16万平方米。2001年3月,平湖市博物馆对遗址进行了小范围的发掘,已发现1处良渚文化红烧土堆积和5座良渚文化墓葬,随葬器物有陶器、玉器、石器等。发掘表明,这是一处良渚文化祭坛和墓地的复合遗址,5座墓葬的年代为良渚文化中期。此次发掘出土了一批精美的陶器,其中带盖宽把陶杯是良渚文化陶器中的精品。     

良渚文化的聚落级差及城市萌芽

聚落级差是指聚落之间规模尺度与发展水平的差异。根据目前的考古资料,环太湖地区的聚落级差始自崧泽文化晚期,其扩大化过程在良渚文化中期达到顶点,聚落级差作为一种现象一直持续至良渚文化晚期。良渚遗址群反映出良渚文化中期聚落级差的极端化,已经超越了一般聚落遗存的范畴,是处于萌芽状态的城市。城市萌芽是环太湖地区聚落级差扩大程度的标志性结果,聚落级差扩大化过程本身也蕴含了城市萌芽的催生力量。     

Benedicto Kiwanuka and Catholic Democracy in Uganda

In this article, I introduce Benedicto Kiwanuka (1922–72), Uganda’s first prime minister and most prominent modern Catholic politician, and explore how his religious and political sensibilities — especially his vision of democracy — intersected with Catholic thought and historical experience in Buganda and Uganda. Far from turning him into a “Catholic tribalist” looking to empower Catholics vis à vis other religious groups, Kiwanuka’s Catholic identity was a core component of his political commitment to non-sectarian democracy, the common good, and pan-ethnic nation-building. He saw in Catholicism the possibility of envisioning political solidarity during a moment of social rupture, and he and his Democratic Party used Catholic and biblical discourse and theology to help undergird a broader political commitment to liberal democratic nationalism during Uganda’s transition to independence (1958–62). At the same time, Kiwanuka’s prophetic commitment to principle — an uncompromising dogmatism often expressed in religious and theological language — also helped cost him the opportunity to lead Uganda into and beyond independence.