1949年中苏订立航空续约的一组文件

抗日战争期间,中苏为沟通两国交通,于1939年9月9日订立合办哈密——阿拉木图间航线协定,共同组织中苏航空公司,以十年为限。1949年,在原约后临期满时,为稳定新疆局势与中苏关系起见,国民政府与苏联民航局商定,将原约续延五年。本组史料即反映当时签订续约的经过情形,对研究中苏航空公司史及中苏关系等,有一定的参考价值。     

《中苏友好同盟条约》与《中苏友好同盟互助条约》之比较

中苏两国于1950年2月14日签订的《中苏友好同盟互助条约》是新中国成立后对外签订的第一个双边关系条约。该条约的签订反映了人民革命胜利后,中华人民共和国与苏联之间建立了完全新型的关系,标志着中苏关系从此走向一个全面合作的历史时期。通过对《中苏友好同盟互助条约》与苏联同中国国民党政府在1945年8月14日签订的《中苏友好同盟条约》的比较来看,《中苏友好同盟互助条约》是中苏双方在充分协商、积极对话的基础上产生的,所强调的不仅是同盟,更是互助与合作。     

抗战时期的中苏外交

初期关系由于政治和意识形态分歧,抗战前的中苏关系微妙。1937年七七事变发生后,苏联旗帜鲜明地声援中国抗战。7月13日《真理报》发表文章,14日,苏联外长李维诺夫接见中国大使蒋廷黻,表示愿意援华,国民政府开始加强对苏关系。8月21日,中苏两国代表在南京签订《互不侵犯条约》,这无疑是苏联对中国的重大道义支持。签约后,蒋介石派军委会参谋次长杨杰、中央执行委员张冲,以“实业考察团”名义赴莫斯科谈判苏联对华军事援助问题;1938年2月,又派孙科为特使赴苏,请求苏联援华。斯大林明确表态,“苏联愿始终相助”。2月7日,中苏签订《军事航空协定…     

蒋经国与1945年中苏条约谈判

1945年,中苏两国为缔结《中苏友好同盟条约》进行了长达数月之密商与谈判。宋子文在谈判中虽然身居要职,但其象征意义大于实际意义,反而职位不高的蒋经国成为中苏谈判之关键人物。蒋经国是最早与苏方密商条约之中方代表,正式谈判时又密会斯大林等人,为蒋介石传递各方信息,并在关键时刻提供决策性建议,力谏蒋介石签订盟约。蒋经国在谈判中的重要角色既是其特殊身份使然,亦是蒋介石在外交事务中采用“双重代表”方式的结果。     

苏联出兵东北的中方代价──宋子文、蒋经国赴苏谈判内幕

《雅尔塔协定》与中苏谈判1945年6月27日,中国政府行政院长兼外交部长宋子文及其随员,搭乘一架租用的美国飞机,由重庆起飞前往苏联首都莫斯科。他此行的任务是,为签订《中苏友好同盟条约》与苏联政府举行谈判。中、苏两国政府之间曾于1937年8月签订过一个《中苏互不侵犯条约》,而在此时,为何又要签订友好同盟条约呢？这要从《雅尔塔协定》谈起。1945年2月上旬,苏联人民委员会主席斯大林、美国总统罗斯福和英国首相丘吉尔,在苏联的克里米亚半岛上的雅尔塔举行会议,三国领袖签订了《雅尔塔协定》。该协定全文如下：“苏美英三大国领…     

中苏互不侵犯条约谈判与1932-1937年的中苏关系

中苏均视日本为远东地区的主要威胁,将对日政策置于各自远东外交政策的首位,因此在两国谈判中优先处理中日关系与苏日关系,结果导致中苏谈判断断续续地进行了5年.1937年7月中日战争全面爆发以后,为了与苏联合作抵抗日本,中国做出妥协,与苏联签订互不侵犯条约.简言之,中苏各自的对日政策,极大程度上决定了两国互不侵犯条约谈判和两国关系发展的走向.     

1950年中苏缔结新约内幕

新中国成立之初,毛泽东率领代表团访问苏联,经过艰苦的努力,终于在1950年2月14日签订了新约《中苏友好同盟互助条约》,以代替1945年8月14日苏联与中华民国签订的《中苏友好同盟条约》,并于同年4月11日起生效,有效期30年。自此,所有在雅尔塔秘密协定中,让中国人感到屈辱的不平等协定,都废除了。     

中苏建交前的临时协定和协议

中苏正式建交为1924年5月31日。从十月革命后到中苏建交前共六年半的时间里,中苏两国之间共签订了九项临时协定和协议: 1.《伊宁会议定案》1920年5月27日2.《中东路与俄国贝加尔路临时交通办法》1921年1月9日3.《黑龙江官府远东政府开通边界章程》     

亲历中苏(俄)边界谈判

我大学毕业后到了外交部工作。其间,我曾参加自1964年到1988年中苏边界谈判的全过程。1995年至1999年,我出任驻俄罗斯联邦大使期间,也曾参与中俄间包括边界问题的各种谈判。可以说,在当代中俄边界谈判问题上,我既是谈判亲历者,又是两国关系演变的见证人。     

1945年中苏条约谈判中的外蒙古疆界问题

苏联为扩张其战后远东地区的势力范围,在《雅尔塔密约》中要求外蒙古独立.于是,中苏两国在1945年进行的《中苏友好同盟条约》谈判中,外蒙古问题成为一个焦点.这一问题包括两个层面,一是外蒙古独立问题,二是外蒙古疆界问题.但是,既往研究对外蒙古疆界问题的重视不够.其实,国民政府不仅在波茨坦会议期间,重提外蒙古疆界问题,而且在《中苏友好同盟条约》谈判、缔结过程中也对这一问题高度重视、处心积虑,使这一问题不仅在中苏谈判中为保护中方权益发挥筹码作用,而且在条约换文的规定中还为未来的疆界谈判留了余地.这一问题给国民政府与蒙古人民共和国之间的外交关系,以及后来的彼此疆界纠纷带来了一定影响.     

‘The Anglo-Irish Agreement put us on side with the Americans’: Margaret Thatcher,Anglo-American relations and the path to the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1979-1985

ABSTRACT

This article offers a critical re-evaluation of British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher’s relationship with U.S president, Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) and his successor, Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), in the context of the Northern Ireland conflict from 1979 to 1985. Specifically, it examines the impact that the ‘Irish Question’ had on the changing nature of Anglo-American relations from Thatcher’s entry to No. 10 Downing Street in May 1979 to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) in November 1985.     

Convergence to Agreement

What's Left of Enlightenment? A Postmodern Question. Edited by Keith Michael Baker and Peter Hanns Reill     

英国与1915年《海峡协定》

1915海峡协定是英国战时外交的产物。出于对德战争的需要,英国向俄国承诺战后根据俄国的意愿解决海峡问题,但这绝非是英国单方面的让步,也并没有改变英国传统的“帝国防御战略”。英国在做出让步的同时,不仅最大限度地实现了自己在中近东地区的利益要求,还为在这一地区获得进一步的补偿保留了充分的余地。《海峡协定》签订后,列强开始了对奥斯曼帝国领土的全面瓜分。     

The Struggle for Mastery in Cilicia: Turkey,France, and the Ankara Agreement of 1921

Micahel Williams. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Pp. xxvi, 689. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by Paul W. Hirt

Richard P. Hallion. Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity through the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xxi, 531. $49.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Robin Higham

A. B. Bosworth. The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 307. $127.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Waldemar Heckel

Frances Wood. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Tears in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. 270. $29.95 (US) Reviewed by Albert E. Dien

Lisa M. Bitel. Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400–1100. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 326. $60.00 (US), cloth; $22.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by John J. Contreni

Victor Lieberman. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830: I: Integration on the Mainland. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xxiii, 484. $24.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas Tabling

Alan Knight. Mexico: From the Beginning to the Spanish Conquest. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 254. $60.00 (US); Alan Knight. Mexico: The Colonial Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 353. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Eric van Young

Debra Higgs Strickland. Saracens, Demons, and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. Pp. 336. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by David Williams

Perez Zagorin. HOW the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. Pp. xvi, 371. $29.95 (US) Reviewed by John Christian Laursen

Amnon Linder. Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. Pp. xx, 423. €90.00. Reviewed by Christoph T. Maier

Brenda Bolton and Anne J. Duggan, eds. Adrian IV The English Pope (1154–1159): Studies and Texts. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2003. Pp. xv, 343. $84.95 (US). Reviewed by James M. Powell

Róbert Simon. Ibn Khaldün: History as Science and the Patrimonial Empire, trans. Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2002; dist. Pordand: ISBS. Pp. 217. $57.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Brett

John F. Richards. The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003. Pp. xiv, 682. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Williams

Jos Gommans. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700. London and New York: Roudedge, 2002. Pp. xv, 268. $27.95 (US); paper. Reviewed by Stephen F. Dale

David A. Lupher. Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003. Pp. vi, 440. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by Arthur M. Eckstein

Matthew Restall. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xix, 218. $48.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ida Altman

Horst Pietschmann, ed. Atlantic History: History of the Atlantic System, 1580–1830. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck is Ruprecht, 2002. Pp. 556. €86.00. Reviewed by Ian K. Steele

H. V. Bowen, Margarette Lincoln, and Nigel Rigby, eds. The Worlds of the East India Company. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 246. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Jon E. Wilson

David Ormrod. The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650–1770. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xvii, 400. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by H. T. Dickinson

David S. Landes. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xii, 576. $27.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Rick Szostak

Patrice Higonnet. Paris: Capital of the World, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. 493. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Reid

Michael Rowe, ed. Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c.1800–1815. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Pp. xii, 254. $72.00 (US). Reviewed by Philip G. Dwyer

Purnima Bose. Organizing Empire: Individualism, Collective Agency, and India. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 278. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Thomas R. Metcalf

Dierk Walter. Preufiische Heeresreformen, 1807–1870: Militärische Innovation und der Mythos der ‘Roonschen Reform’. Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2003. Pp. 654. €88.00. Reviewed by Gunther E. Rothenberg

Brian E. Vick. Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National Identity. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 283. $49.96 (US). Reviewed by Helmut Walser Smith

James A. Jones. Industrial Labor in the Colonial World: Workers of the Chemin de Fer Dakar-Niger, 1881–1963. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002. Pp. xxiii, 154. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Martin Klein

Irmin Schneider. Die deutsche Ruplandpolitik, 1890–1900. Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2003. Pp. 344. €38.00, paper. Reviewed by David Wetzel

S. C. M. Paine. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 412. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by David Curtis Wright

Greg Cuthbertson, Albert Grundungh, and Mary-Lynn Suttie, eds. Writing a Wider War: Rethinking Gender, Race, and Identity in the South African War, 1899–1902. Athens: Ohio University Press; Cape Town: David Philip Publishers, 2002. Pp. xix, 345. $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Legassick

Robert B. Bruce. A Fraternity of Arms: America and France in the Great War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003. Pp. xx, 380. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Mitchell Yockelson

Eric Lohr. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 237. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Norman E. Saul

Tammy M. Proctor. Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War. New York and London: New York University Press, 2003. Pp. xvi, 204. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Hew Strachan

Alfred W. Crosby. America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918,2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xiv, 337. $60.00 (US), cloth; $22.00 (US), paper; Howard Phillips and David Killingray, eds. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19: New Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Pp. xxi, 357. $100.00 (US). Reviewed by Linda Bryder

Kais M. Firro. Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State under the Mandate. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2003; dist. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. 274. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by James A. Reilly

Kathleen Hayes, ed. and trans. The Journalism of Milena Jesenska: A Critical Voice in Interwar Central Europe. New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2003. Pp. vi, 323. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Igor Lukes

Silvio Pons. Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936–1941. London and New York: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xvi, 240. $62.50 (US); Steven Merritt Miner. Stalin's Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003; dist. Toronto: SBS. Pp. xix, 407. $90.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Gabriel Gorodetsky

Francine McKenzie. Redefining the Bonds of Commonwealth, 1930–1948: The Politics of Preference. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xii, 351. $72.00 (US). Reviewed by Catherine R. Schenk

Eunan O'Halpin, ed. Mis and Ireland, 1939–1945: The Official History. Dublin and Pordand: Irish Academic Press, 2003. Pp. xiv, 130. $26.50 (US), paper; Mark M. Hull. Irish Secrets: German Espionage in Ireland, 1939–1945. Dublin and Portland: Irish Academic Press, 2003. Pp. xx, 383. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by WILLIAM Sheridan Allen

Kathleen E. R. Smith. God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003. Pp. xiii, 274. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by John W. Jeffries

Nick Smart. British Strategy and Politics during the Phony War: Before the Balloon Went Up. Westport: Praeger, 2003. Pp. 267. $67.95 (US) Reviewed by David Dutton

W. A. B. Douglas, Roger Sarty, Michael Whitby, with Robert H. Caldwell, William Johnston, and William G. P. Rawling. No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943: II: Parti. St Catharines: Vanwell Publishing, 2002. Pp. xix, 664. $60.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Geoffrey Till

Omer Bartov. Germany's War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. xxi, 248. $18.95 (US)> paper; Fritz Kieffer. Judenverfolgung in Deutschland - eine innere Angelegenheit? Internationale Reaktionen aufdie Fluchtlingsproblematik, 1933–1939. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002. Pp. 520. €100.00. Reviewed by Robert Edwin Herzstein

Petra Goedde. GIS and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 1945–1949. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. Pp. xxiii, 280. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Thomas Borstelmann

David M. Glantz. The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: ‘August Storm’. London and New York: Frank Cass, 2003. Pp. xxviii, 451. $59.50 (US); David M. Glantz. Soviet Operational and Tactical Combat in Manchuria, 1945: ‘August Storm’. London and New York: Frank Cass, 2003. Pp. xvi, 368. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by Dale R. Herspring

Steven E. Phillips. Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945–1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. Pp. xiii, 256. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Ralph N. Clough

Independent Commission Of Experts Switzerland - Second World War. Switzerland, National Socialism, and the Second World War: Final Report. Zurich: Pendo, 2002. Pp. 597. €29.90. Reviewed by Jean-Christian Lambelet

D. Clayton Brown. Globalization and America since 1945. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2003. Pp. xxi, 166. $19.95 (US) paper; Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. and Thomas W. Zeiler. Globalization and the American Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. 343. $65.00 (US); $22.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Warren I. Cohen

William Johnston. A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2003. Pp. xx, 426. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Jeffrey Grey

Peter Busch. All the Way with JFK?: Britain, the US, and the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xii, 240. $90.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Andrew Preston

Thomas Alan Schwartz. Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2003. Pp. 339. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by George C. Herring

Peter S. Li. Destination Canada: Immigration Debates and Issues. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 228. $29.95 (CDN) paper. Reviewed by Patricia E. Roy

Heidrun Friese, ed. Identities: Time, Difference, and Boundaries. New York: Berghahn, 2002. Pp. xiv, 273. $27.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by John R. Gillis

Lex Heerma van Voss and Marcel van Der Linden, eds. Class and Other Identities: Gender, Religion, and Ethnicity in the Writing of European Labour History. New York: Berghahn, 2002. Pp. vi, 250. $69.95 (US), cloth; $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Neville Kirk

Joseph E. Stiglitz. The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2003. Pp. xxxiv, 379. $25.95 (US). Reviewed by Barry Eichengreen

Vesna Danilovic. When the Stakes are High: Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 294. $52.50 (US). Reviewed by Randall L. Schweller

Gammer, Moshe, ed., with Joseph Kostiner and Moshe Shemesh. Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory ofElie Kedourie. London and New York: Frank Cass, 2003. Pp. x, 186. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Raphael Israeli     

海耶与“德满协定”

从日军 1 931年 9月 1 8日强占沈阳、制造震惊中外的“九·一八事变” ,到李顿调查团的报告书在 1 933年 2月 2 4日的国联大会上通过 ,因日本侵华而引发的远东危机延续了一年半之久。这场远东危机最直接的后果是 ,日本用武力粉碎了华盛顿体系 ,打碎了帝国主义国家在远东和太平洋地区的均势。它标志着一战后资本主义世界相对稳定时期的结束和帝国主义列强重新瓜分世界的开始。日本的侵略野心急剧膨胀 ,中日之间的矛盾进一步激化。然而 ,在国际形势发生重大变化的同时 ,希特勒的纳粹政权也已经在德国粉墨登场 ,并开始毫不掩饰地重整军备 ,这更…